Ландратская перепись в системе подворных описаний Петровского времени на примере Воронежского уезда 1716 г.

The article is dedicated to analyzing the informational potential of the 1795 Ostroh census as a descriptive and statistical source of state origin. The structure and content of the source have been thoroughly examined and presented in tabular form. Based on the existing historiography of such documents, precise terminology, classification, and the procedure for compiling the analyzed census have been determined. It was established that the census was compiled by representatives of the petty, landless nobility of Ostroh, who held positions in the city administration. The 1795 Ostroh census consists of 13 parts, each providing information on a specific section of the city. Based on the analyzed source, it has been possible to trace the urban topography of the late 18th century. As of 1795, Ostroh’s territory included the old town, the new town, and the suburbs, including Vulytsia Ostrozka. The census reflects the deepened property division of the city during the 1770s–1790s. The old town (ordinational part, Jesuit jurisdiction, the Jabłonowski princes’ jurisdiction, Kordashivka, and Vulytsia Ostrozka) and the new town were divided among the magnate and noble families of Jabłonowski, Czacki, and Brzostowski. By 1795, according to the source, the Jabłonowski princes had partially extended their ownership rights to the estates of the former Ostroh Ordinance, which would ultimately lead to the full unification of the city under the Jabłonowski family in the early 19th century. Using the census data, an attempt has been made to reconstruct the social structure of Ostroh’s society in 1795. The upper stratum comprised the nobility, divided into two categories: landed and landless. The landed nobility, by hereditary rights, owned parts of the city and included the aforementioned magnate and noble families. The landless nobility resided on the estates of landowners under agreements to pay monetary rent (czynsz) or serve them. The burghers of Ostroh, who formed the middle stratum of social stratification, were artisans, merchants, and traders. The census also provides information about the urban poor, which included unskilled laborers performing the hardest physical work (construction, repairs, manufacturing) and beggars who lived on alms and donations. The latter constituted a minor percentage of the population. New information on the ethno-religious composition of the urban population has been obtained and analyzed. The largest ethnic groups were Jews, Ukrainians, and Poles, with smaller groups of Germans. Jews formed the majority of the population, united by their self-governing body, the kahal. Their primary activity in the city was trade, facilitated by favorable factors such as geographic location, profitable trade routes, and connections with foreign markets. The census reveals the names and surnames of kahal leaders. Ukrainians, though smaller in number, predominated in artisanal circles. Poles held the third position in the ethno-religious structure and were primarily responsible for city governance. Germans were represented by only one family residing in Ostroh. The author draws attention to the historical-demographic information provided by the source. Although the document is partially damaged and does not ensure completely reliable results, it highlights the importance of using additional sources to refine demographic data. Despite its imperfections, the 1795 census allows for the collection of essential accounting data for demographic research, such as determining the average number of burghers per household, age groups, and their proportional distribution. The 1795 Ostroh census offers wide-ranging research opportunities and serves as a valuable addition to the source base for studying socio-economic and political history, historical demography, and genealogy. Consequently, the importance of archival searches to discover additional census records from the Volhynia Governorate increases, as they could enhance historical studies in the fields of Ostrohiana and Volhyniana of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

Although at least thirty-five women were buried in the earlier necropolis at Vron during the period between ca. 370 / 75 and ca. 435 / 45, only three of them were equipped with typically Germanic brooches or other elements of dress. Such a low proportion of women whose dress was secured according to the Germanic custom by means of brooches, is not unusual in the burial sites of Northern Gaul, and indeed clearly distinguishes these from the burial grounds on the right bank of the Rhine in free Germania, where practically all the women used one or more brooches to fasten their clothing, and were subsequently buried with them. The evidence from Vron, as from other comparable military burial sites to the west of the Rhine (e.g. Oudenburg, Vermand, Vireux-Molhain), attesting how few women were buried with brooch jewellery , may indicate either that in actual fact very few Germanic women had accompanied their men-folk into Northern Gaul, or that the majority of women of barbaric origin had, in the process of cultural assimilation, abandoned their exotic costume at a very early date and now favoured Gallo-Roman dress. Among the typically Germanic dress ornaments observed at Vron, one may distinguish five different brooch types and one hairpin type, analysed below: 1. Simple cross-bow brooches belong to the most frequently attested and geographically widespread group of Germanic women's brooches in the 4 th and 5 th centuries (mid-4 th to mid-5 th centuries) between the Elbe and the Loire (fig. 2). They are almost invariably made of bronze, as are the two examples from Grave 163A and Pit 9. The brooch from Grave 163A, worn as a single item, is remarkable for its greater length, its short spring, and upper chord. These rather unusual features appear most frequently in the simple cross-bow brooches from the Lower Rhine and Westphalia. There, this unusual form may be dated chiefly to the first half of the 5 th century. This corresponds to the chronology proposed by Cl. Seillier, who attributes, on other evidence, Grave 163A to his Phase 3 (= ca.415/20-435/45). 2. Cross-bow brooches with a trapezoid foot-plate represent a further typological development of the simple cross-bow brooch. The silver brooch from Grave 242A possesses in addition a beaded wire decoration on the bow, together with a stamped metal plaque covering the trapezoid foot-plate, features which enable it to be classed with the Vert-la-Gravelle variant (fig. 3). This form of brooch, known almost exclusively by the archaeological evidence from the left bank of the Rhine is probably to be interpreted as the product of workshops in Northern Gaul, which are known to have manufactured other types of Germanic costume ornaments for the wives of foederati (see below). Comparison with the very similar brooches from Grave 7 at Vert-la-Gravelle (Mame) enable this example from Vron to be dated at the earliest to the last third of the 4 th century or to the turn of the century. The location of the inhumation within the burial ground suggests a date within Seillier's Phase 2 (= ca. 390-415/20). 3. The bronze hairpin from the same grave, over 17 cm long, with a small round head, belongs to the Fecamp type (fig. 4), known chiefly from the Germanic female burials and other archaeological evidence found in Westphalia and the Lower Rhine.

Can the 16th and early 17th centuries in Poland‐Lithuania and some other east‐central European countries be characterized as a “Golden Age” in human capital? We trace the development of a specific human capital indicator during this period: numeracy. We draw upon new evidence for Poland and Russia from the early 17th century onwards; and for Belarus, Ukraine, and Lithuania from the 18th century onwards; controlling for potential selectivity issues. Poland had quite high levels of numeracy during the early 17th century, but these levels subsequently fell below those of even southern Europe. As in other countries in the area, numeracy levels in Poland were lower than those of western Europe during the 17th, 18th, and early 19th centuries. This finding might support the hypothesis that the second serfdom process, which gained momentum during the 17th century, was one of the core reasons why human capital accumulation was delayed in eastern Europe. The major wars in the region also had devastating effects on numeracy levels. (KEYWORDS: Central‐Eastern Europe; historical Demography; Eastern Europe; Human Capital; Numeracy; Age‐Heaping; census microdata)

The article deals with the history of emigration of Jews from the south of Ukraine to Argentina in the late 19th - early 20th century and the role of Odessa in the organizational, economic and educational support of the resettlement process. An analysis of the transformation of the idea of ​​the Argentine project from the beginning of compact settlements to the possibility of creating a Jewish state in Patagonia is given. There are provided such aspects as reasons, preconditions and motives of emigration, its stages and results, the exceptional contribution of the businessman and philanthropist Maurice de Hirsch to the foundation of Jewish settlements in Argentina. There are reflected a legislative aspect, in particular, the first attempt of Russian government to regulate migration abroad with the Regulations for activity in Russia of the Jewish Colonization Association founded in Great Britain; various forms and directions of the work of Odessa JCA committee; the activities of the Argentine Vice-Consulate (1906-1909) and the Consul General of Argentina in Odessa (1909-1917). There are also presented some valuable archival genealogical documents from the State Archives of the Odessa Region, namely the lists of immigrants on the steamer "Bosfor" in April 30, 1894. The article highlights the conditions in which the emigrants started their activities in Argentina in 1888, establishment of the first Jewish colony of Moisesville, the difficulties in economic arrangement and social adaptation, and the process of settlement development from the first unsuccessful attempts to cultivate virgin lands to the numerous farms and ranches with effective economic activities. An interesting social phenomenon of interethnic diffusion of indigenous and jewish cultures and the formation of a unique "Gaucho Jews" group of population is covered. It is provided information on the current state of Jewish settlements in Argentina and fixing their history in literature, music, cinema, documentary. It is emphasized that using historical research and direct contacts with the descendants of emigrants to Argentina could be very useful and actual for increasing the efficiency and development of Ukrainian-Argentine economic and cultural ties

This bibliography addresses the discourse between Latina/o/xs and various architectural and spatial traditions. In the architectural context of the United States, Latina/o/x communities have struggled to carve a space for themselves, sometimes described as a third, subaltern, or alter/native space. Peoples of Latin American descent have experienced persecution in certain architectural settings, operating in consort with state strategies to stereotype, relegate, and criminalize Latina/o/x bodies. Examples here include the border wall dividing the United States and Mexico, urban development projects that segregate and displace historic populations, prison systems holding disproportionate numbers of minorities, and border facilities designed to control and contain immigrant communities. State-sponsored violence—witnessed historically in public lynchings during the 19th century and police brutality used to suppress the Chicano Movement of the 1960s—has likewise produced a feeling that architectural environments, particularly those in the public sphere, remain out of reach for Latina/o/xs. Yet, the architectural history of Latina/o/xs can be said to precede the formation of the United States by more than a thousand years, particularly if we consider the broader history of architecture in the Americas and the Caribbean. It is a history that reaches back to ancient monumental sites of Indigenous peoples in Mesoamerica, the Andes, Amazon, Caribbean, and US Southwest. It projects forward through Spanish and Portuguese urbanization during the colonial period, including African influences that accompanied the trauma of slavery in the Americas after 1492, and Asian material cultures that followed indentured laborers during the 19th century. It is a history that moves forward through nationalist beaux-arts and neoclassic works of the 19th and early 20th centuries into the international modernist styles of the mid- to late 20th century, associated with notable architects like Luis Barragán of Mexico and Oscar Niemeyer of Brazil, among many others. Those architects of the modern era produced spaces that would include multiple publics in a bid to rethink national identities in places like Brazil, Cuba, and Mexico. Haunted by the socio-racial and gendered hierarchies of the colonial era, modern architects strove toward utopic decolonial solutions in the built environment. We might productively place Latina/o/x architecture within those histories of the wider hemisphere, as a facet of that striving toward a decolonial future. There are political, cultural, and historical reasons, however, to study Latina/o/x architecture on its own terms. To do so requires us to critically assess the limits of categories like “Latin American” and “Latina/o/x,” which are often confused, disputed, and in flux. These categories impossibly encompass huge and diverse populations. The term “Latin American” attempts to define peoples and cultures across the Spanish-, French-, and Portuguese-speaking Americas and Caribbean, while “Latina/o/x” describes members of the Latin American diaspora, particularly in the United States. Within these shifting terms of inclusion and exclusion, Latin American architecture has received notably more attention in scholarly literature, to the detriment of Latina/o/x contributions. This is, in part, because of historic discrimination faced by immigrants from Latin America in the United States and elsewhere. It also reveals a lacuna in histories of architecture more broadly, and the practice of architecture itself, which has tended to be dominated by heteronormative, white, Anglo-male norms and narratives. In the early 21st century, Latina/o/xs account for less than 10 percent of registered architects in the United States according to the American Institute of Architects (AIA). Nonetheless, with a population at nearly 40 million, Latina/o/xs are the largest minority group in the United States, projected to comprise a quarter of the population by the year 2050. The lack of representation in the field of architecture, compared to demographic realities, makes clear why the study of Latina/o/x architecture is of critical importance. The following bibliography works against social and historical factors that would ignore or erase Latina/o/xs from architectural discourse. This bibliography will focus on major works of scholarship that discuss Latina/o/xs as both users and producers of architecture. Special attention is paid to the ethnic and cultural diversity of Latina/o/x architecture, from the largest historic populations of Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Cuba to the vernacular building practices and decolonial aesthetics of an increasingly transcultural and transregional Latina/o/x population.

The relevance of the research topic is due to the determining influence of social class appearance, the occupation and the previous geographical place of migrants’ residence on the further social and economic development of the populating region. On the example of the largest rural settlement of Tambov Governorate – Rasskazovo village – we show the features of state peas-ants migrations to the region of traditional agriculture (Central Black Earth Region) on the microhistorical level during the foundation and settlement by them the separate settlement in Zalesskiy stan of Tambov County in the late 17th – early 18th century. During the study we define the date and geographical location of the Rasskazovo village foundation – Lesnoy Tambov. We give brief information about the biography of its founder beekeeper S.A. Rasskaz – Vodyanov. We describe the nearest surroundings of the village with the indication of smallholders and the names of their owners. We analyze the course of home settlement of the village in the first years of its existence with the usage of data of census lists, census books and household censuses. We determine the range of settlement from which palace peasants moved to a new place of residence. We try to determine the class structure of the villagers in the first half of the 18th century. We also trace the demographic growth of the village in the period 1697–1744. We reveal a number of features of the primary (to the village) and secondary (to new places of residence) migrations of the first Rasskazovo settlers.

Customer networks or lists of subscribers as a new publishing phenomenon first occurred in Dalmatia in the early 19th century. It was a model of collective funding of book, magazine and newspaper publishing, which gradually replaced the earlier system of individual patronage. It resulted in the publication of lists of subscribers that contained the names of all those who financially supported the printing of a book. The data on names of subscribers, their occupation, place of residence and number of copies ordered, which was the usual content of subscribers, lists, make them very valuable sources for research on the history of books and reading. This paper tries to show the research potential of such lists by presenting a case-study of five preserved and available subscribers' lists found in publications printed between 1835 and 1848 in the Zadar print shop of Battara brothers. The paper analyses the quantitative data on subscribers, their geographical distribution, professional profile and gender, which does not exhaust their research potential in full. The analysis has shown that despite the austere educational opportunities, high incidence of unemployment, and many other limitations, there were people who treasured the written word. The subscribers mostly came from coastal cities like Zadar, Split and Dubrovnik, which were the most important publishing and cultural centres. Even though the subscribers came from Austria, Military Border, Italy, Croatia proper and Slavonia, as well as Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was then part of the Ottoman Empire, they make up only one eight of the total number of subscribers in the corpus. The subscribers are both Roman-Catholic and Orthodox, who mostly subscribed to books printed in the Cyrillic script. The subscribers come from a wide range of professions, mostly from the church circles in Dalmatia, and the fewest of them were professors and teachers, members of the army and the police. As expected, salesmen, due to the nature of their profession and frequent travel, were recorded mostly in Austria, Military Border and the Ottoman Empire. Different groups of subscribers subscribed to different books, depending on the language, topic, or the author. Finally, the gender distribution results bear witness to the inequalities women experienced in 19th century – the share of women was only 1%.We can conclude that even though lists of subscribers are not in themselves sufficient for making informed conclusions on the readership in the early 19th century, they can definitely contribute towards its better understanding. The aim of this paper was to indicate their relevance as source of information on the process of production, distribution and reception of the written word in the 19th century.

The turbulent past has marked the entire area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially its peripheral parts, which were often influenced by violent demographic changes, reflecting on various population structures. The wider area of Podrinje was affected by forced migrations of the Bosniak population during the 19th and 20th centuries. The expulsion of Bosniaks from the Principality of Serbia in the early 1830s significantly impacted the demographic structures of the Bosnian Podrinje region, especially the Osat region. This study does not explore various anthropogeographic changes in the settlement of Pribidol, whether they occurred during normal or forced social events, but rather investigates the process of family formation and households during the 19th century. The most important historical sources used for the mentioned research are: the Ottoman census of male household members of the Srebrenica District in 1850/51, the Ottoman cadaster of 1867/75, the list of residential property owners from 1880/84, as well as the land registry books of the Srebrenica District in 1894. This study explored the families that lived in the settlement of Pribidol during the 19th century. These are the following families: Ahmetović, Aljić, Begić, Dervišević, Džananović, Halilović, Husić, Ibišević, Ibrahimović, Janković, Marković, Mešanović, Mitrović, Muminović, Mustafić, Osmanović, Salkić, and Smajić. In the Muslim area of Pribidol, 19 households, or family households, were recorded, with a total of 79 male individuals, with an average age of 20.1 years. In the then-independent settlement of Pribidol, 15 households were recorded, with 59 male individuals, with an average age of 19.0 years. In the Barakovići mahalla, 3 households were recorded, with 14 male individuals, and in the independent settlement of Zgunja, one household was recorded with a total of 6 male individuals. Therefore, the total population of Bosniak Pribidol was around 160 individuals of both sexes. During the conducted census in 1850/51, only two families had a family surname, which changed in the early 1880s. According to the 1879 census in the settlement of Gaj (Turkish Pribidol), there were 171 inhabitants (93 male individuals) all of Bosniak nationality. There were 25 houses and an equal number of apartments in the settlement, with an average of 6.8 individuals per household. The 1895 census recorded 315 inhabitants (158 male individuals). There were 255 Bosniaks and 60 Orthodox inhabitants. There were a total of 50 houses (2 uninhabited) with 50 households - an average size of 6.3 members. Between 1850/51 and 1895, there was a significant increase in the population of the settlement of Pribidol, especially in the last census of 1895. This growth was conditioned by the settlement of Orthodox inhabitants, who constituted 25% of the total population in 1895. The list of residential property owners from 1880/84 identified three new mahallas (Kadrići, Podševar, and Živkovići) compared to the census of 1850/51. These Bosniak families of the settlement of Pribidol persisted throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, either through male or female lines, except for changes in the family surname among married female inhabitants. Some family surnames ceased to exist in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, either due to the extinction of their male members or their emigration from the settlement of Pribidol. This particularly applies to families with the surnames Ahmetović, Halilović, and Mešanović. The number of households (families) increased among other Bosniak families until the mid-20th century, and some of their members moved to other settlements in the Podrinje region, primarily around the cities of Bijeljina, Bratunac, and Srebrenica.

The University of Tartu Museum’s laboratory porcelain collection mostly includes items that were purchased for the University of Tartu laboratories for research (substance analysis etc.) and teaching purposes (for performing practical tasks such as making medicines). The porcelain collections in Estonian museums (the Mikkel Museum, Art Museum of Estonia and Estonian History Museum) mainly consist of tableware, ornaments and memorabilia. Several museums (e.g., in Saare and Jarva Counties) have apothecary ware. The University of Tartu Museum’s laboratory porcelain collection reflects the evolution of ceramics in the general historical development of chemistry and pharmaceutical laboratories. The oldest items were likely ordered by two professors active in the 19th century: Carl Schmidt (1822–1894, Professor of Chemistry 1852–1892) and Georg Dragendorf 1836–1898, Professor of Pharmacy). Both professors had the opportunity to renew their laboratory equipment in the middle of the 19th century, which they did. The most valued part of the collection is the vast selection of older porcelain items from the Institute of Pharmacy, created in 1844. The collection of laboratory porcelain has accumulated over the years and it currently consists of more than 1,000 items. The oldest pieces ordered for the University of Tartu laboratories date from the mid-19th century, starting from 1844–1847 (Koningliche Porzellan Manufaktur Berlin). The porcelain items that were ordered for the University in the 19th century and the early 20th century come from other sources, too, mainly from German companies such as Staatliche Porzellan-Manufaktur Meissen, Sanitats-Porzellan Manufactur W. Haldenwanger and Spandau. The grog and stoneware purchased for the chemistry laboratory at the same time also came from other parts of Europe (the United Kingdom and France). The porcelain labware purchased after World War II starting from the 1950s and 1960s mainly came from the porcelain factories of Leningrad and Riga and Klin in Moscow Oblast. The product list and its changes are reflected in catalogues issued by porcelain companies, which were also used for determining the names and details of the porcelain items discussed in this overview. The collection only has a few items produced by Europe’s oldest porcelain manufacturer Meissen. Most of the items from the older period bear the marking of the Royal Porcelain Factory in Berlin, which was one of the main porcelain manufacturers in Germany apart from Meissen. The list of items from W. Haldenwanger’s porcelain factory is also varied. Apart from a few exceptions, the laboratory porcelain from the second half of the 20th century mainly comes from the porcelain factories of St. Petersburg, Riga and Klin in Moscow Oblast: the collection includes a few items from the Porcelain Factory in Leningrad and a varied selection from Riga and Klin. The products of these three factories differ from German laboratory porcelain from the late 19th and early 20th century both for the quality of the porcelain and finishing of the glazing. The later labware is visually more robust and has simpler finishing, visually resembling hard earthenware, the ingredient quantities and clay type of which can slightly differ from hard-paste porcelain. The older objects include more specific items made for special purposes while the majority of the later ones are of general nature. Many porcelain items fell into disuse due to advancements in university studies and laboratories. Pharmacist training used to include detailed courses on preparing medicines, because many products (e.g., tinctures, ointments and suppositories) that are now produced by large drug companies used to be made in pharmacies. Additionally, new special fireproof and durable materials have been introduced in the field of labware, the use of which results in different and better quality indicators than those of traditional porcelain.

У статті визначено ідейну програму української інтелігенції кінця ХІХ – початку ХХ століть. Саме цю програму візуалізував митець Амвросій Ждаха, використовуючи як матеріал до образотворчої рефлексії тексти українських народних пісень. Вибір саме української пісні, як своєрідного матеріалу для творчості є також невипадковим. Представники передової української інтелігенції відносили до природних властивостей української пісні заклик до єднання в межах української культури усього населення, без розподілу на соціальні прошарки чи інші відмінності. Вперше означено, що ця програма у живописному викладі А. Ждахи, має наступні чинники: традиційна культура українців як важлива база та джерело її неповторності, яка може запобігати асиміляційним процесам (побут і розмаїті культурні форми); постійна боротьба українців за особисту свободу; військовий гарт українців, відточений століттями боротьби з різноманітними загарбниками, які посягали саме на українські землі; славна історія України, яка має свої етапи боротьби за власну державність. Відповідно, ілюстрації до пісень Амвросія Ждахи насправді візуалізують цю програму показу через минуле особливостей українського цивілізаційного шляху та їх перспектив на майбутнє. Важливим моментом у даному образотворчому проєкті є відтворення ілюстрацій А. Ждахи на поштових листівках. Окремі листівки циклу, зібрані разом, репрезентують усі чинники означеної програми. Звісно, відповідно від сюжету пісні та його художньої інтерпретації митцем, є листівки, в яких можна бачити один або кілька з названих чинників. Завдячуючи тиражності і масовості цього виду друкованої продукції, означена програма широко розповсюджувалася у різних прошарках українського населення. У статті також звертається увага на символіку, використану А. Ждахою в ілюстраціях до українських пісень. Завдяки цій символіці зокрема вдалося обійти цензурні заборони, які існували в Російській імперії по відношенню до певних аспектів національної української тематики в мистецьких творах.

One of the main components of the football industry today is its infrastructure. Training facilities, stadiums with stands for spectators, sports bases, retail outlets, museums of various teams and clubs all play key roles in the sport. In Britain, such amenities began to appear in the first half of the 19th century, in continental Western Europe — around the mid-1800s, and in the central and eastern parts of the Old World — even later, at the turn of the 20th century. The development of football infrastructure in Sofia is an illustrative example not only in the context of one city or country, but also for the region as a whole. Since in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the capital of Bulgaria saw the formation of traditions which determined the subsequent development of the city’s sports infrastructure, through this case study we can trace from where the complex of ideas related to establishing suitable sports facilities spread to Bulgaria and Southeastern Europe, how the process of formation and accumulation of knowledge in this specialized sphere unfolded, and how such facilities were actually built. The initiative to set up sports grounds belonged to Bulgarian educational institutions and societies, and such projects were financed by club members. The social groups that played the decisive role in the transfer of knowledge to the sports industry, namely to the construction of football playing grounds, were local youth with the experience of studies abroad and foreign teachers who worked in Bulgaria. The main routes of diffusion of this type of information originated in Switzerland and the Ottoman Empire. It was from these countries that the capital of the Balkan state received knowledge about the existing norms and rules for the construction of football fields. However, unlike in other European cities during this period, the sports infrastructure in Sofia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries did not yet become a component of business projects aiming to make a profit from renting out such facilities or from selling tickets to football fans.

The article is devoted to study of the reading circle of various population groups in the Tomsk Province in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries. The book, as an important attribute of the spiritual realization of society, took a leading place in the system of cultural values of the era, became the most important means of human communication. A great contribution to the development of the cultural life of the Altai district was made by the technical and scientific activities among the poor. The study of book collections of exiles, their activities in opening libraries, which were based on private collections, contribute to the expansion of ideas about the nature and scope of their versatile activities. The end of the 19th — early 20th centuries is characterized in Siberia by the social activity of various segments of the population, an increase in the need of society for a printed word. Thanks to the active work of the «Society for the Promotion of the Construction of Rural Free Libraries», in the Tomsk Province, free rural libraries began to open. They completed their main task in distributing the book in the remote settlements of the Tomsk Province. In Siberia, there is a change in the traditional way of peasants in connection with the heyday of the cooperative movement, the alleged dissemination of the theoretical and practical knowledge. The cooperatives began to organize libraries. The important qualitative changes in reading preferences are gradually taking place: classical literature, specialized books and periodicals are in increasing demand.

Background. Pedagogical education in our country has been in the ever reforming process. Being subject to current realities, the nature, goals, and state and public expectations from pedagogical education are to be reviewed. There was a similar process at the break of pedagogical education in Russia. In this regard, historical genesis of pedagogical education in Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries provides an opportunity to analyze some challenging issues facing the country over the considered period, to specify the patterns for the formation and development of pedagogical education, and to designate the peculiarities thereof. Purpose. The article aims to analyze the formation and development of pedagogical education in Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis is the key research method. In addition, historical-structural, and comparative and contrastive methods were used to conduct a systemic analysis of the development of pedagogical education in Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries. The article is based on the evidence from archival records, research material data, regulatory legal acts, and popular science fiction of the reviewed period. Results. The first extensive actions in the development of pedagogical education in Russia were taken in the 18th century. Since that time and throughout the 19th century, there was a gradual advance in pedagogical education. In addition to the main subjects, there were some disciplines specific to the pedagogical content knowledge (didactics, pedagogy, teaching methods, psychology, etc.) in the curriculum cycle for future teachers. First-ever domestic methodological guidelines for individual subjects emerged in the country. In Russia, there predominately existed male pedagogical education. According to the archival research and literature review, the country experienced an acute teacher shortage during the 19th century. To eliminate it, pedagogical departments were established at district Imperial Universities in Russia in 1804; in 1816, the Main Pedagogical Institute was founded to form the basis for other pedagogical institutions; in 1860, two-year pedagogical courses appeared at the Imperial Universities; in 1876, the issue regarding female pedagogical education was brought up, which led to the creation of the first pedagogical institute for women in 1903. In order to enhance the prestige of the teaching profession in Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries, the state equated it to the public service, wherein each teaching position corresponded to a certain rank with all the privileges and state support; compensated for the costs of housing, lighting, heating, and educational literature; supported teachers’ families and encouraged childbirth among teachers and lecturers; provided pensions and gave the opportunity to receive awards that granted additional financial support. Having analyzed the problems of developing pedagogical education in the 19th – early 20th centuries, there are similar problems observed in modern Russia. Therefore, nowadays, it is vital to consider the methods and state initiatives for supporting and raising the prestige of the teaching profession of that time. In this regard, the relevance of the presented research is beyond doubt.

An unconstrained statistical matching algorithm for combining individual and household level geo-specific census and survey data

The aim of the article: to find out the role of representatives of different classes and ethnic groups of the population of the Kherson and Yekaterinoslav provinces of the Russian Empire in the development of stationary trade in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century, to determine the number and conditions for the functioning of various trading establishments in the region, the level of their profitability. Research methods: historical-genetic, comparative-historical, retrospective. Main results: it is noted that the trade sphere of activity concentrated in the post-reform period the bulk of business, enterprising people of the southern Ukrainian provinces. At the same time, the number of trading establishments that were in sole ownership or the property of trading houses in the territory of Kherson and Yekaterinoslav provinces at the end of the 19th century was approximately 19.5 thousand. It was found that representatives of the business circles of the region most often created guild stores that sold manufactory, haberdashery, etc. And the stores of Kherson region had the most significant income among such establishments – 25.9 thousand rubles per year. According to social characteristics, among the merchants of the South of Ukraine in the modern period, there were representatives of the merchant class with a significant margin from others. It is noted that representatives of almost all groups of the multinational population of the South were involved in trading activities, although this primarily concerns Russians, Jews, Germans and Mennonites. At the same time, no doubt, the role of business people of Ukrainian origin was also noticeable in this. One way or another, the entrepreneurial activity of representatives of different ethnic groups of the population of the region was primarily aimed at making a profit, which means that economic interest naturally dominated among all businessmen. Concise conclusions: it is noted that the development of private entrepreneurship in the field of trade played a decisive role in the formation of the capitalist market in the region, the genesis of commodity-money relations in the post-reform period. The practical significance: is to create a proper basis for a systemic reconstruction of the history of the development of entrepreneurship in the southern Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Originality: the author used a wide range of published (both act and narrative) sources and carried out their comprehensive analysis. Scientific novelty: A regional-sectoral approach to the study of entrepreneurship in the trade sphere of Ukraine in the imperial period is proposed. For the first time, the main directions of business strategies of entrepreneurs of the South in the trade sector at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries are presented comprehensively, their class, property and ethnic composition are characterized. Type of article: research article.