Исследование влияния электролита на свойства литий-железо-фосфатных аккумуляторов с модифицированными углеродом электродами

Multiple health indicators assisting data-driven prediction of the later service life for lithium-ion batteries

Problem. The article is devoted to the problem of increasing the safety, environmental friendliness and efficiency of vehicles through the use of lithium-ion batteries, predicting their final service life using a new predictive model of capacity degradation. The analysis of the performance and degradation of lithium-ion batteries is carried out and the factors of their degradation are studied. A predictive model of the degradation of the capacity of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles has been developed, which determines the remaining useful life of the battery and predicts its life cycle using data only from early charge/discharge cycles, during which significantly less degradation occurs. Methods for increasing the service life of electric vehicle batteries are given. Goal. The aim of the work is to improve the safety, environmental friendliness and efficiency of electric vehicles by determining the predicted final resource of lithium-ion batteries using a new predictive model of capacity degradation. Methodology. Methods of scientific analysis and synthesis of increasing the service life of batteries. A predictive model of capacity degradation of lithium-ion batteries of electric vehicles determines the remaining useful life of the battery and predicts its life cycle. The results. Based on the analysis of publications and studies, a predictive model of capacity degradation of lithium-ion batteries was developed. As a result, the final resource of lithium-ion batteries is predicted. An important aspect of the concept of predicting the state of degradation of the battery capacity is that the data analysis in combination with the results of this study demonstrates a virtually linear relationship between the life cycle, inflection point and curvature point. Methods for increasing the service life of batteries of electric vehicles and prolonging their life cycle through the rational use of an electric vehicle are considered. The results of the research coincide with the developed predictive model of lithium-ion battery capacity degradation, which determines that at each charge/discharge cycle, the electric vehicle battery loses an average of 0.015 % of its capacity over the entire life cycle. The considered methods for increasing the battery life, which allows increasing the number of charge/discharge cycles and the life cycle due to the rational use of the electric vehicle. Originality. The peculiarity of the developed predictive model of lithium-ion battery capacity degradation in electric vehicles is that the battery life cycle is determined by using data from the first charge/discharge cycles (from 200 to 250), where minor degradation still occurs. But such data will be sufficient to identify the distortion point, then the inflection point and then determine the full service life of the electric vehicle battery, which is limited to 80% of the useful capacity. Practical value. A predictive model for the capacity degradation of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles determines the remaining useful life of the battery and predicts its service life, which is an important issue for both electric vehicle owners (both new and used) and electric vehicle manufacturers (for the formation of warranty obligations and battery operation strategies).

We investigated the service life of storage batteries to provide recommendations on the design of energy storage systems used in islanded energy systems based on renewable power sources. The service life of maintenance-free, sealed lead-acid batteries produced by absorbed glass mat (AGM) technology was determined by endurance tests carried out by repeated charge/discharge cycles according to specified load profiles, implemented at a specialized Chroma Test System station. Three battery load profiles were simulated: one for the standard DC charge/discharge mode, and two for the charge/discharge modes from renewable energy sources. To this end, the actual data obtained from monitoring the operating modes of a wind power plant were used. It was found that the battery service life depends on the intensity of stress factors. Among them, the throughput factor has the most pronounced influence on the battery lifespan. To extend the service life of storage batteries, it is proposed to separate the charge/discharge modes in time. For batteries operated on renewable energy profiles, this approach decreases time intervals between full charges and at low battery levels, which increases the battery service life by 14%. A solution to designing an energy storage system for microgrids was proposed, which consists in the use of a combined double-circuit energy storage unit. An experimental prototype of such a unit with a power of 15 kW was developed. The use of a combined energy storage unit in the microgrid system: increases the battery service life by 20–30% compared to analogues; improves the static and dynamic stability of the local energy system with a response time of no more than 50 ms towards power change; allows a fuel replacement level of at least 25%; reduces the electricity cost by 25–30%.

Electrical energy storage systems play a decisive role in the success of the global energy transition. On the one hand, they are indispensable stationary storage systems in combination with renewable energies and, on the other, they are a basic prerequisite for the acceptance of electromobility. The driving goals in battery development include increasing the range of electric vehicles and reducing the cost of energy storage systems. This goes hand in hand with increasing the storage density and improving the service life and cycle stability of batteries. At the same time, it is very important to minimize the consumption of scarce or expensive materials and production costs. In line with these objectives, all battery components and production processes need to be further developed.Currently, copper and aluminum foils are used as current collectors in battery production. A promising approach to improving the quality and efficiency of batteries is the use of fabric-based current collectors. The substitution of metal foils with metallized fabrics leads to a considerable reduction in weight and thus to an increase in gravimetric energy density. The use of metallized fabrics instead of metal foils also enables a significant reduction in metal consumption. This study focuses on a critical process step for the production of fabric-based current collectors, the contacting process. The most relevant results are presented and discussed to derive conclusions for the production process of electrodes with a fabric-based current collector.

Lithium-ion batteries play an important role in our daily lives. The prediction of the remaining service life of lithium-ion batteries has become an important issue. This article reviews the methods for predicting the remaining service life of lithium-ion batteries from three aspects: machine learning, adaptive filtering, and random processes. The purpose of this study is to review, classify and compare different methods proposed in the literature to predict the remaining service life of lithium-ion batteries. This article first summarizes and classifies various methods for predicting the remaining service life of lithium-ion batteries that have been proposed in recent years. On this basis, by selecting specific criteria to evaluate and compare the accuracy of different models, find the most suitable method. Finally, summarize the development of various methods. According to the research in this article, the average accuracy of machine learning is 32.02% higher than the average of the other two methods, and the prediction cycle is 9.87% shorter than the average of the other two methods.

Problem. In connection with the increase in efficiency and environmental safety of cars, electric vehicles and hybrid cars were introduced into mass production. In the world, their number is growing every year. In Ukraine, the hybrid car Toyota Prius is used by the patrol police of Ukraine, and Nissan Leaf electric cars are widely introduced into the taxi network. For the owners of these cars, it is important to understand the features of their technical service, diagnosis and maintenance. Purpose. The aim of the work is to study the basic structures and modifications of lithium-ion batteries and to determine the rules for the technical operation of these batteries on hybrid and electric cars. Methodology. The design features of lithium-ion batteries and their varieties, which have received practical development on the example of two main types of batteries - with cylindrical and packet cells, which are used on electric vehicles from leading companies Tesla and Nissan, are analyzed. Results. The limiting technical (diagnostic) parameters that determine the operating rules for lithium-ion batteries on electric vehicles are highlighted: this is the maximum voltage on the battery element 4.30 V, the maximum heating temperature of the battery cell to 90 ° С, the threshold pressure level inside Cases 1034 kPa (10.5 kg / m2), the minimum voltage on the battery cell is 2.5 V. Originality. Through an analysis of the design features and diagnostic parameters of Li-Ion batteries, the rules of technical operation and recommendations for increasing the service life of these batteries on hybrid and electric cars in Uraine are considered. Practical value. The results of the research allow us to make certain recommendations for increasing the service life of lithium-ion batteries on hybrid and electric cars when used in Ukraine.Keywords: lithium-ion battery; electric vehicle; hybrid; diagnostics; malfunction; operation; service life.

The three-jet direct-flow plasma reactor with a channel diameter of 0.054 m was studied in terms of service life, thermal, technical, and functional capabilities. It was established that the near-optimal combination of thermal efficiency, required specific enthalpy of the plasma-forming gas and its mass flow rate is achieved at a reactor power of 150 kW. The bulk temperature of plasma flow over the rector of 12 gauges long varies within 5500÷3200 K and the wall temperature within 1900÷850 K, when a cylinder from zirconium dioxide of 0.005 m thick is used to thermally insulate the reactor. The specific electric power reaches a high of 1214 MW/m3. The rated service life of electrodes is 4700 hours for a copper anode and 111 hours for a tungsten cathode. The projected contamination of carbides and borides with elec-trode-erosion products doesn't exceed 0.0001% of copper and 0.00002% of tungsten.

The subject matter of the article is mass and dimensional characteristics of batteries, their design, electrical, operational parameters and energy capabilities. The goal of the study is the possibility of using maintenance-free batteries on samples of armored weapons and military equipment. The tasks to be solved are: to analyze the existing technologies for the batteries production, their advantages and disadvantages given the peculiarities of the operation of military equipment and the main technical characteristics of the batteries; by statistical data processing to investigate the dependences of “starter” discharge modes and energy capabilities of the batteries manufactured by technologies of different generations; to investigate the possibilities of constructive implementation of power supply formation taking into account possible design changes in the engine starting system, ensuring the necessary charge stability and compensation for exceeding the cost of gel and Absorbed in Glass Mat (AGM) batteries in comparison with the cost of the type 12ST85 ones. General scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge are used. The following results were obtained: The existing technologies of battery production, their advantages and disadvantages have been analyzed taking into account the peculiarities of the operation of military equipment and the main technical characteristics of batteries. The dependences of the “starter” discharge modes and the energy capabilities of batteries made by different technologies generations have been studied. Possibilities of constructive realization of power supply formation taking into account available constructive changes in the engine electric start system, providing the necessary charge stability and compensation for excess cost of gel and AGM batteries compared to the cost of batteries type 12ST85 have been investigated. Conclusions. Using at the samples of armored vehicles and military equipment batteries made by modern technology does not require fundamental structural changes in the electrical equipment of the machine. To meet the requirements of the standards for voltage parameters in the on-board armored weapons and military equipment networks, it is necessary to install an appropriate voltage relay regulator. The issue of exceeding the cost of gel and AGM batteries compared to the cost of type 12CT-85 ones can be compensated by the absence of costs for operating materials, maintenance personnel as well as the long service life of gel or AGM batteries compared to conventional lead-acid ones.

Corrosion of pipelines is one of the main reasons for reducing their service life and operational characteristics. Pipelines are aggressively exposed to various external factors, such as chemical compounds, temperature fluctuations, mechanical loads, etc., which contributes to the development of corrosion. One of the most effective methods of corrosion protection is the use of polymer coatings, which form a reliable barrier between the metal surface and the aggressive external environment. The article discusses modern achievements in the field of polymer coatings for pipeline protection, their features, advantages and disadvantages, as well as application methods and applications. A wide range of polymer materials such as epoxy, polyurethane and polyethylene coatings are analyzed, as well as the prospects for their further improvement using nanotechnology.

In this paper, an evaluation method of the Lithium battery life attenuation degree is presented and the evaluation index of battery operation optimization degree is established according to the method. Meantime, it adopted the piecewise average algorithm and power management unit to determine the reference power of each energy storage unit. Further, in order to improve the service life of lithium battery in hybrid energy storage system, dual battery structure and their operation control strategy are designed to make the lithium battery running in the optimal charge and discharge depth. At last, based on the basic parameters of large-scale battery energy storage system which wind farms and photovoltaic power plants have installed in some region, the rationality and effectiveness of the above structure and operation control strategy of energy storage system are verified.

30 - Primary batteries

Polymer-based solid electrolyte boasting ultra-high safety, energy density, mechanical strength and flexibility, attracting much attention in the field of battery applications. However, its widespread application is hindered by the low conductivity, insufficient aluminium salt dissociation, high crystallization degree, short service life, etc. To solve the above problems, a composite solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) design based on polyethylene oxide (PEO, Mw = 6 000 000) with AlCl3·6H2O as aluminum salt and butanedinitrile (SN) as plasticizer is proposed in this paper. The disorder and mobility of the PEO chains, conductivity, degree of aluminum salt dissociation, and service life are enhanced by the addition of plasticizer SN. Theoretical calculation demonstrates the formation of solvated sheath-like structure [SN…Al3+] has strong interactions with the polymer PEO, allowing rapid transport of Al3+ through the polymer segments. These results are also further verified by subsequent tests, which can reveal the Al3+ transport mechanism of room-temperature SPEs in a more reasonable way. Meanwhile, the relatively strong binding energy between PEO and SN can help to avoid the parasitic reaction between SN and Al, increase the service life of solid-state aluminium-ion batteries. Providing a promising solution for the design of solid-state battery electrolytes that can be applied at room temperature.

A growing number of stationary lead-acid battery installations are reaching the limits of their service life. In order to safely extend their service life, computer based battery testing and monitoring systems have been used successfully to determine the capacity without subjecting the battery to a complete discharge, as would normally be the case in standard practice. This paper describes the technical issues surrounding the test equipment and the methodology. Test results from over 8000 cells are presented, along with a case study showing how the service life of an aging battery was extended by two years. >

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A significant increase in battery service life has taken place in recent years due to major improvements in the vehicle electrical power supply system. Factors contributing to the better battery service life are outlined in this paper. These include battery design improvements, alternator systems, lower voltage regulator settings, battery installation improvements, and charging system wiring changes. Battery service life with present alternator systems is compared to service life obtained with earlier battery designs on generator equipped cars.</div>

The subject matter of the article is the physicochemical processes occurring in a battery under different conditions and operating times. The goal of the study is to develop, a methodology for estimating the residual life-span of the batteries to make recommendations on the extension of their service life on the basis of an analysis of the conditions of use of the batteries. The tasks to be solved are: to analyze the influence of starter battery conditions on their performance and service life; to analyze the existing methods of determining the residual life of the batteries; to study the dependences of the deviation of the impedance from the standard value for the batteries at different moments of their normal life and to develop a method for predicting the residual life of the rechargeable batteries (RB). General scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge are used. The following results are obtained. On the basis of the readings of the ammeter and voltmeter when switching on the battaries in the circuit at different load values and according to the data obtained during the control-training cycle (CTC), the dependence of the impedance deviation from the base value at different regular battery life was investigated. According to the proposed method, it is easy to determine in which batteries the degradation has just begun and in which they have reached the level when they need to be replaced without waiting for a fatal failure, by obtaining a minimum number of values of the electric parameters of the battery and comparing the data obtained at different times. Proper selection of chargers, skilled operation and timely monitoring of battary's residual life are the most important requirements for their operation. In full-time batteries, the internal resistance begins to increase over time due to natural wear and tear. Significant deviation from the norm in the smaller side indicates a clear malfunction such a battery must be replaced regardless of its useful life. When the deviation from the baseline exceeds 25%, it is time to replace the battery. The conducted studies revealed nonlinear relationships between the battery life and its predicted residual life. Conclusions . Ensuring that the equipment is ready for use depends largely on the state of the RB. The greatest impact on the performance and life of the batteries is due to the temperature conditions, the degree of sparseness of the batteries on the machine and the level of charging voltages on the network. In the actual operating conditions of the RB, there is a need to assess their technical condition, disassemble them for troubleshooting, maintain their availability and extend their service life. RB degradation is reflected in the internal support of the battery cells. Determining the internal resistance of the RB is based on the Ohm dependencies of the complete circle and reduces to a system of two equations. RB life can be considered one of its most important performance characteristics. The relationship between battery life and its estimated residual service life is nonlinear. Proper selection of chargers, skilled operation and timely monitoring of RB's residual life are the most important requirements for their operation.