Опыт зарубежных стран в сфере привлечения прямых иностранных инвестиций: возможности бенчмаркинга для России

One of the ways of convincing investors, in particular foreign ones, to take part in the implementation of host country economic policies is the development of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) designed to ensure more favourable business environment than those available in other locations. Poland has created and develops the SEZs. They play a positive role in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) or creating new jobs but also may have negative consequences, such as deepening regional disproportions in the country. This paper aims at examining why certain SEZs in Poland attracted more FDI than other. In our opinion that may result from the location in a particular region (understood as a unit of administrative division of the country at the level of a voivodeship) and from endogenous conditions characteristic of the zone, such as the land it owns, infrastructure and its accessibility and finally high quality performance of the company that manages the zone. Our calculations have shown statistically significant positive relationships between FDI inflow to SEZ and overall and some partial coefficients that describe investment attractiveness of voivodeships. Test results also suggest that efforts of managing companies with regard to wooing investors (e.g. through promotions, infrastructure development) are important in increasing the inflow of foreign investment.

The Indonesian government has established a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) and International Hub Port (IHP) in Manado, Indonesia. The research aims to understand the effect of both SEZ and IHP and traffic generated by these two developments on the provision of transportation infrastructures. 264 stakeholders were interviewed in this study. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was implemented to answer regressive and dimensional questions. The respondents were first confirmed about their knowledge of SEZ and IHP development before being interviewed. The research variables were divided into 5 namely IHP development, SEZ Development, Logistics Transportation Users, Logistic Traffic Flows and the Provision of Transportation Infrastructures. The Exogenous variables were the IHP development and SEZ development, while the endogenous variable was the Provision of Transportation Infrastructures. The results showed that the Development of the International Hub Ports has the greatest total effect on Logistics Transportation Users, and subsequently on the Traffic Flow of Goods followed by the Provision of Transportation Infrastructures. The Development of Special Economic Zones has a positive effect on the Logistic Traffic Flow and on the Provision of Transportation Infrastructures. Logistics Transportation Users have a direct effect on the Traffic Flow of Goods and on the Provision of Transportation Infrastructures. The Traffic Flow of Goods gives a direct influence on the Provision of Transportation Infrastructures. Logistics Transportation Users are the dominant factors which affect the Transportation Infrastructure Provision. Then, Logistics Transportation Users are influenced by the development of IHP. This research demonstrates that there is a reciprocal relationship between both SEZ and IHP and the provision of transportation infrastructures. Thus, this study recommends that the North Sulawesi transportation infrastructure plan should be aligned with the needs of the SEZ and IHP, which ensures both international and national connectivity. The results of this study can be used to recommend appropriate policies regarding infrastructure provision.

The article examines aspects of the production basis for the development of a special economic zone in the region. The relevance of the research topic lies in the fact that the development of the region’s production potential through the use of special economic zones is a strategically important task for ensuring sustainable economic growth and increasing the competitiveness of the region. The introduction of special economic zones helps to create a favorable investment environment, attract investments and technologies, as well as the development of new industries and services. However, if a special economic zone does not have a developed base of manufacturing industries based on the achieve- ments of regional economic development, this may lead to a decrease in attractiveness for investors, as well as slow down the pace of technological development in the region. A study of the production basis for the development of a special economic zone in the region will help to identify the potential for growth and determine development prospects that contribute to sustainable development as a special economic zone and the region as a whole. The subjects of the Volga Federal District are considered as the object of research, special attention is paid to the Orenburg region. The subject of the study is the economic, organizational, financial and production relations of the development of special economic zones. The purpose of the study is the production basis for the development of a special economic zone in the region. The article proposes methodological support for studying the production basis for the development of a special economic zone in the region using the example of the Orenburg region. It is highlighted that a promising direction for the develop- ment of SEZs in the region is the solution of a dual system of interrelated and interdependent goals: development of SEZs based on the use of the regions production potential; as well as the development of the regions production potential through the use of SEZ mechanisms. The results of the study can be used for further research in the search for intraregional reserves for the development of special economic zones.

In realizing equitable development and economic growth, it is necessary to develop special economic zones (SEZs) as a form of commitment of the Indonesian government; and if viewed from the budget perspective applied, it is still limited. This study aims to determine the factors affecting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Indonesia from 2008 2nd quarter to 2021 2nd quarter. Based on that period, the economy in Indonesia experienced a contraction since the Asian monetary crisis in 1998. So that the development of SEZs experienced financial budget constraints and Indonesia can try to find other financing solutions. For developing countries, such initiatives should be taken in order to attract foreign investment. This study uses quantitative research with the analytical method used is the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), which is a derivative of the vector autoregressive (VAR) method. The results of this study indicate that for the long-term VECM variable estimates only interest rates have a negative effect on FDI, and trade inhibition, inflation, and GDP variables have a positive effect. While the wage variable has no effect on FDI. In this phenomenon, it is necessary to pay attention first to the influence on FDI, companies in Indonesia, the majority of which are labor-intensive workers. Keywords: FDI, GDP, inflation, interest rates, trade inhibition, wage

Special Economic Zones (SEZs) can be compared to their predecessors, Free Trade Zones and Export Processing Zones, in that they are intended at stimulating foreign direct investment (FDI) and fast, export-led, industrial growth. The essential characteristic of such schemes is that they allow the by-passing of particular social legislation or tax provisions which are perceived to be an impediment to progress or the competitiveness of an export-oriented activity. A brainchild of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MOCI), the SEZ Act that was passed in 2005 goes much further than previous policies as it seeks to establish a large number of private industrial townships, each covering hundreds or thousands of hectares of land. According to the MOCI, as of February 2010, formal approval has been accorded by states to 571 proposals out of which 348 SEZs have been notified. A total of 105 SEZs are already exporting. The 571 approved proposals are for SEZs sponsored by State governments and are in addition to seven Central Government SEZs and 12 State/private sector SEZs that were set up prior to the enactment of SEZ Act, 2005 (MOCI, 2010). These 571 approved SEZs represent a total of 67680 hectares. Despite the huge rate of approval and establishment of SEZs, and thus their apparent success, the development of SEZs has faced considerable opposition and is stalling in some cases. In this research paper Authors have tried to analyze the growth of SEZ in various regions of India. This paper examines some of the contentious aspects of the growth of SEZs that pose major challenges to India's public policy and governance.

Nearly all developing countries actively seek capital and technology from the advanced countries. Although private direct foreign investment (mainly in the form of multinational enterprise) is viewed with ambivalence by many developing countries, it is nonetheless true that direct investment remains a substantial source of capital and is sometimes the only source of specific technologies. Indeed, given the slow growth in official external assistance, developing countries are becoming more, not less, dependent on direct foreign investment. While disbursements of official development assistance by the OECD countries rose 43% from 1961 through 1970, direct investment flows rose almost 90% over the same period. In the later year, the flow of direct investment was more than two-fifths of all official assistance, $3.2 billion compared to $7.8 billion.1 Furthermore, the United States and other major capital exporting countries would prefer, for economic as well as ideological reasons, to channel more of their capital outflows to developing countries through private investment. It is highly probable, therefore, that developing countries will continue to rely on direct foreign investment in the foreseeable future to carry out their development programs. It is against this background that the present study seeks to identify the empirical determinants of direct foreign-investment flows in the manufacturing sectors of developing countries. Our purpose is to select from the many economic, social, and political features of a developing country those features that are critical to making that country attractive or unattractive to private foreign investors. Available empirical studies are limited

Although it may seem natural to argue that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) can bridge the investment gap in developing countries’ economy, which in turn foster economic growth, this paper shows that the effect of FDI vary greatly across sectors. In fact, there is a lack of systematic evidence on the actual impact of FDI on the host country. An empirical analysis using time series data spanning from 1970 to 2015 and applying Error Correction Mechanism, suggests that FDI exerts a negative effect on agriculture value added. Unsurprisingly, FDI tends to have a positive effect on manufacturing, construction and transport, storage and communication sectors. Evidence from the mining sector is not clear despite the fact that the sector constitutes a substantial proportion of FDI inflows. The unexpected negative causal relationship between FDI inflows and agricultural sector in Tanzania could be because of the low level of FDI in the sector relative to other sectors. However, it is possible for FDI to be contributing to the GDP through manufacturing, construction and transport, storage and communication sectors and yet not increasing the welfare of the people in the country. Agriculture sector, which constitutes more than 70 percent of the total labour force, contributes, on average, less than 30 percent, in total GDP. Understandably, FDI in the agricultural sector can improve the welfare in the country than FDI in mining and manufacturing sectors. Given the importance of the subject, it is surprising to find that very little effort has been devoted to quantifying the sources of agricultural decline. Key words: FDI; Sectoral composition; Agricultural sector; Mining sector and Manufacturing sector JEL: F23; F36; F43

The Czech Republic has been a promising destination for foreign investors due to its locational advantages and tax-incentive policy. However, the profit-repatriation rate in the country is extremely high, which results in less capital being available for development. This paper studies the differences in profit-repatriation rates among FDI (foreign direct investment) firms in the Czech Republic after the appearance of tax-holiday incentives from 2008 to 2019. The precondition is to find the determinants of the repatriation rate of FDI firms, and the results show that the profit repatriation rate of FDI firms is positively affected by firm size and the liquidity of firms and negatively affected by investment opportunities and leverage. The paper divides FDI firms into several groups and examines the differences in repatriation rates between them before revealing the determinants of these differences. Firstly, there is no difference in profit repatriation between FDI firms with tax incentives and those without tax incentives. Next, we divide the FDI firms with tax incentives into two groups: those who still enjoy the tax incentives and those who no longer enjoy the tax incentives. The FDI firms with tax incentives that are in the tax-incentive period repatriate less than FDI firms with tax incentives that are not in the tax period any longer. The difference stems from the endowment effect, and three determinants that can reduce the repatriation rate of FDI firms that are no longer in the tax period are investment opportunities, leverage, and firm size.

The success of Software Technology Parks (STPs) in the 1990s encouraged the Government of India to announce the scheme of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) as part of the Export-Import Policy in March 2000, to be effective from April 2000 to achieve a three-fold objective of increasing exports, accelerating the country’s economic growth, and attracting foreign direct investment (FDI). This scheme was continued in the ForeignTrade Policy 2004-2009, and aimed at providing a globally competitive, conducive, and free atmosphere for exports, and attracting domestic and foreign investments. The SEZ concept, as distinguished from the earlier patterns of Export Processing Zones (EPZs) and 100 per cent Export Oriented Units (EOUs) recognises the issues related to economic development, and provides for developing self-sustaining industrial townships along with the major industrial belts, so as to minimise pressure on the existing infrastructure of nearby settlements. This is true of multi-product SEZs where the area acquired is large, and not in case of other patterns, where the area is relatively small. SEZs are duty-free insulated enclaves of development, and are deemed to be non-domestic tariff areas for purposes of trade operations, and duties and tariffs. They allow 100 per cent FDI in the development of SEZs and their infrastructure facilities. Unlike EPZs, SEZs can now be developed by the public, private, joint sector or by the State governments. The Centre acts as a facilitator by providing the framework for establishing the SEZs, and monitoring the performance, and fulfilling the norms expected of SEZs to serve the national, state, and local economy. The policy offers several fiscal and regulatory incentives far beyond those covered in the earlier patterns, to developers of SEZs as well as to manufacturing and service enterprises promoted within the zones, and for the development of infrastructure.

It is widely recognized that trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows are important factors in long-term economic growth. Trade openness enhances skills through the adoption of imported superior production technology and innovative processes, and thus exerts a positive and significant impact on economic growth. Similarly, FDI augments and stimulates domestic investment, enhances technology transfer, increases export capacity and foreign exchange earnings, and thus promotes capital formation and long-run growth. This paper examined the empirical relationship between economic growth on one hand and trade and FDI flows on the other hand for Saudi Arabia during the last four decades (1970-2010). The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) methods to cointegration and the associated error correction model (ECM) are adopted. The results suggest that human capital, government expenditure, trade openness and infrastructure are important determinants of long run growth in Saudi Arabia. In contrast, FDI together with domestic private investment has impacted negatively on real gross domestic product (GDP). This is attributed partly to the dominant role of the public sector in the economy emanating from the huge oil resources, thereby leaving little room for the domestic and foreign private investment to play their role in the economy, and partly to the concentration of FDI in unproductive sectors. Nonetheless, the interaction of FDI either with government expenditure or with domestic investment could impact positively on growth. Efforts should therefore focus on enhancing the integration between these factors on long-term growth. Privatization, economic liberalization, and diversification measures are expected to provide real opportunities for domestic and foreign investment to play an important role in economic activity and growth. Key words: Saudi Arabia, FDI, unit roots, ARDL cointegration, ECM, trade.

Capital is needed to accelerate the development process, but developing nations struggle with minimum resources. Since foreign direct investment (FDI) is essential to solve the funding shortage, developing nations make every effort to attract FDI to their countries. This study was conducted to explore the impact of institutional quality on sectoral FDI in Pakistan using time series data for the period from 1986 to 2019. To create a solid foundation for policy formulation, this study developed a single measure of institutional quality by utilizing a wide range of institutional indicators. It evaluates the impact of overall institution quality on sector-level FDI and examines the causal relationship between institutions and sectoral FDI with a clear focus on a single-country analysis. The dynamic simulated autoregressive distributed lag technique was employed to explore the impact of institutional quality and other factors on FDI. The results of the study explained that institutional quality and TO have a positive and significant effect on the FDI of the primary FDI sector at 5%, while in the case of the secondary sector, the effect of institutional quality, HDI and GDP on FDI inflow is significant at 10% and TO has a significant effect on secondary sector FDI at 5%. In addition, institutional quality and GDP have a positive relationship with tertiary sector FDI at 5%. The empirical findings show that higher institutional quality in emerging economies such as Pakistan encourages large transfers of technological advances through FDI, increasing the overall performance of the economy. This study found that institutional quality significantly increases sectoral FDI in Pakistan. Finally, this study prescribes some policy measures to increase FDI based on the findings.

How do foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows affect democratic survival? No study has examined how FDI influences the likelihood of democratic survival, although many studies have studied the effect of regime type on FDI inflows. The previous finding that FDI contributes to authoritarian survival and decreases prospects for democratization does not answer this question since determinants of democratic transitions are clearly distinct from those of democratic survival. I argue that FDI in non-primary sectors is more likely than FDI in primary sectors to contribute to democratic survival since non-primary FDI is likely to produce growth-enhancing effects through upstream and downstream linkages in the host economy and facilitate the diffusion of democratic ideas and norms originating from the West. To overcome the problem of the sectoral FDI data's poor coverage, I exploit an exogenous variation in FDI inflows by utilizing a country's geographical distance from developed economies. Using a sample of democracies from 1970 to 2010, I find that inward FDI, instrumented by market proximity to developed economies, is associated with an increased likelihood of democratic survival. The analysis of primary and non-primary FDI also provides supporting evidence.

Thailand has introduced the policy of Special Economic Zone (SEZ) development to promote trade and investment opportunities in border areas since 2015. However, creating a health awareness strategy prior to SEZ has not been emphasized. This study described the effects of SEZ on community health awareness (CHA) over the period 2017-2018 in Southern border area of Thailand: Sadao District Songkhla Province. Data was collected from 10 groups (151 persons) of 14 community participants by focus group discussion and in-depth interview for developing healthy families, including the growth and stability of each member during SEZ development. The results revealed that promoting awareness of community health issues and preventative action to SEZ was a vital role of themselves to help each other. Not only the engagement of healthcare professionals and health village volunteers, each community was organized themselves to strive in delivering informative, accurate information and assistance. The findings indicated that the prominent policy in promoting a CHA framework is a crucial strategy to enhance sustainability SEZ performance.

This study examines the effect of investment promotion through the special economic zone (SEZ) mechanism on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow across Cambodia. We applied generalized methods of moments (GMM) to panel data constructed from 19 Cambodian provinces during 2015–2019. Our results show that the number of SEZs positively affects both FDI inflow and diversification across the country, while capital invested in developing SEZs increases only the latter. Other SEZ variables, including the presence of SEZ, its intensity, and the age of the first established SEZ in a province, are mostly found to be positively associated with FDI and diversified FDI but not notably significant. Supportably, the existence of SEZ is confirmed to be significant by the t-test method, meaning that the SEZ province can attract more FDI than the non-SEZ one. Some provincial efforts and characteristics, including annual government expenditure, number of public relations, population density, population 18 years old and up, deep-sea ports, and international gates, likely significantly influence FDI inflow into the provinces of Cambodia. All in all, the SEZ mechanism attracts more diversified foreign investment activities, and it has a significant effect on the distribution of FDI in Cambodia.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a key driver of economic growth in developing countries like Vietnam, fostering global integration through capital inflows, technology transfer, and managerial expertise. This study explores how Vietnam can enhance FDI attractiveness amid digital transformation by addressing barriers in digital infrastructure, human resources, and investment policy. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the research highlights the impact of digital infrastructure, a skilled digital workforce, the regulatory environment, and technology-focused FDI on investment inflows. The findings identify critical factors influencing FDI decisions and emphasize the importance of improving digital infrastructure, developing a competent tech workforce, reforming regulations, and strengthening innovation ecosystems. These strategies are essential for attracting FDI in high-tech sectors and supporting Vietnam’s long-term economic growth.