Показники складної зорово-моторної реакції вибору як прояви нейрокогнітивної адаптації до швидкісно-силових навантажень

Background and Study Aim. Modern professional and sporting activities, particularly in esports and the IT sector, impose high requirements on the speed, accuracy, and stability of sensorimotor reactions. At the same time, reduced habitual physical activity and changes in body composition may impair psychophysiological functioning. Although sensorimotor reactions and morphofunctional indicators have been studied separately, their interrelationship in people with different activity profiles remains insufficiently explored. The purpose of this study was to determine relationships between psychophysiological indices and functional characteristics in groups with predominantly sedentary lifestyles and to evaluate how these factors affect the stability, speed, and accuracy of sensorimotor reactions. Material and Methods. Forty-one males aged 17-25 years participated: esports athletes (EA, n=14), IT specialists (IT, n=13), and untrained participants (UT, n=14). Simple visual-motor reaction (SVMR) and choice reactions of different complexity (CRT1-3: one of three signals; CRT2-3: two of three signals) were assessed using the Diagnost-1 hardware-software system. Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis (Tanita BC-418MA). Non-parametric statistics (Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests) and Spearman correlation analysis were applied; the significance level was set at p<0.05. Results. Intergroup differences were found for age, sports experience, and body composition. The IT group had higher body mass, fat mass, and percentage body fat than esports athletes (p<0.05), whereas untrained participants demonstrated greater sports experience and lower fat-related indices (p<0.05). Esports athletes showed shorter reaction latencies and lower motor-component times than untrained participants, particularly in more complex choice tasks (p<0.05-0.01). Reaction-time variability parameters correlated positively with fat-related indices (r=0.56-0.64; p<0.05). In contrast, fat-free mass and total body water were negatively associated with time and variability parameters of complex choice reactions (r=-0.69; p<0.01). Conclusions. Body composition is an important determinant of the speed, stability, and efficiency of sensorimotor reactions. A higher fat component is associated with greater variability and slower responding, whereas higher fat-free mass and a more favorable hydration status exert a stabilizing effect on psychophysiological indices. These findings should be considered when assessing the functional state of esports athletes and people in intellectually demanding, predominantly sedentary occupations, and when developing programs to prevent hypodynamia.

Introduction. A coach compiles and determines a training program based on the physical fitness profile of the athlete. Central Sulawesi taekwondo and karate athletes have been undergoing independent training since mid-2020. Objective of the study. This study aims to investigate the comparison in physical fitness of elite athletes in taekwondo and karate Research methods. This study uses a causal-comparative method, where the researcher seeks to determine the cause or effect of the differences that occur between groups. The sample of this research is 20 elite athletes. Evaluation of physical abilities or physical fitness is an instrument used to measure the physical fitness of taekwondo and karate athletes. An independent sample t-test was used for comparison of independent samples. Research result and Conclusion. The results and conclusions of the study indicate that descriptively the speed, endurance of abdominal muscle strength, and endurance of thigh muscle strength, agility, flexibility, leg reaction speed, and cardiovascular endurance of taekwondo athletes are higher than karate athletes, while for leg muscle strength and breathing karate athletes are higher than taekwondo athletes. Sig value. (2 tailed) or p-value <0.05, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference in the variable components of physical fitness, abdominal muscle strength, agility, flexibility in leg reaction speed, and cardiovascular endurance between taekwondo athletes and karate athletes. Whereas in the variable components of physical fitness, speed, endurance, thigh muscle strength, and leg and respiratory muscle strength, there were no significant differences between taekwondo athletes and karate.

Response time (RT) is crucial in karate athletes and can be trained. The aim of this study was to compare standing eye-hand RT and contest performance in nonelite karate athletes who underwent 6 weeks of training using either a stationary preprogrammed target dummy (experimental group) or traditional karate instruction (control group). Forty male nonelite karate athletes (20 in each group) were recruited. Standing RT and contest performance was assessed before and after training. Attack RT (eye-hand or eye-leg) and success rate were measured in the experimental group only during training. Age, years of karate practice, Body Mass Index, and standing RT before training did not significantly differ between groups. In the control group, standing RT was significantly improved in the dominant hand after training (25.62±24.18 ms, P=0.0003), but there was no significant improvement in standing RT of the nondominant hand and karate contest score. In the experimental group, standing RT was significantly faster after training (improvement in dominant hand: 69.84±50.85 ms, P<0.0001; improvement in nondominant hand: 68.94±59.43 ms, P<0.0001), and the karate contest score was significantly improved (P=0.0234). During the training period, mean attack RT improved from 1047.4 ms in week1 to 944.9 ms in week6 (P<0.001). However, the success rate gradually decreased from 89.3% (week 1) to 62.4% (week 6) (P<0.001). A 6-week training using a stationary preprogrammed target dummy improved contest performance and standing RT in both the dominant and nondominant hands of nonelite karate athletes. Improvements of RT in the dominant hand were also seen in the control group.

This study aimed to test (1) the differences of drill practice effect of a constant set of rising repetition and rising set of repetition continually on drive accuracy (forehand and backhand drive) for the beginner table tennis athletes, (2) the differences of the effect of high and low reaction speed on the drive accuracy (forehand and backhand drive) for the beginner table tennis athletes in Yogyakarta, and (3) the relation between drill practice and reaction speed on improving the drive accuracy (forehand and backhand drive) for the beginner table tennis athletes in Yogyakarta. This research used an experiment with a 2 x 2 factorial design. The sample was 20 beginner table tennis athletes in Yogyakarta, taken with random technique from a population of 38 athletes. The instrument for measuring reaction speed was the ruler drop test and for measuring the forehand and backhand drives was the precision of the drive accuracy. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA at significance level α = 0.05. The results of the study were as follows. (1) There were significant differences in the effect of a constant set of rising repetition and rising set of repetitions continually to drive accuracy (forehand and backhand drive) for the beginner table tennis athletes, as proven by the value of F = 7.538 and p = 0.014 &lt;0, 05. The drill practice of a constant set of rising repetition was higher than the drill practice of a rising group of repetition always. (2) There was a significant difference effect of high and low reaction speeds to drive accuracy (forehand and backhand drive) for the beginner table tennis athletes, as proven by the value of F = 21.442 and p = 0.000 &lt;0.05. High reaction speed was better than low reaction speed. (3) There was a significant relation between drill practice and reaction speed on improving punch drive accuracy (forehand and backhand drive) for beginner table tennis athletes, as proven by the value of F = 136.398 and p = 0.000 &lt;0.05.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an increasing number of training hours of specific high-intensity karate training on postural sway in preadolescent karate athletes. Seventy-four karatekas were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: Karate Group (KG=37): age 10.29±1.68 yrs; or Control Group (CG= 37): age 10.06±1.77 yrs. The KG performed two sessions per day for 1 week in total, while the CG performed only 3 sessions during the same period. The center-of-pressure length (COPL) and velocity (COPV) were recorded under four different experimental conditions: open eyes (EO), closed eyes (EC), open eyes monopodalic left (EOL), open eyes monopodalic right (EOR), pre as well as post training intervention. Post-camp results indicated significant differences between the groups in the COPL p<0.001; an interaction of training type×time in the COPV (p<0.001) and an interaction of training type×time (p=0.020). The KG revealed an improvement in the COPL from pre to post-camp under conditions of EO [−37.26% (p<0.001)], EC [−31.72% (p<0.001)], EOL [−27.27% (p<0.001)], EOR [−21.44% (p<0.001)], while CG revealed small adaptations in conditions of EO (3.16%), EC (0.93%), EOL (−3.03%), EOR (−0.97%). Furthermore, in the KG an improvement in the COPV from pre to post-camp was observed in conditions of EO [−37.92% (p<0.001)], EC [−32.52% (p<0.001)], EOL [−29.11% (p<0.001)], EOR [−21.49% (p<0.001)]. In summary, one-week of high intensity karate training induced a significant improvement in static body balance in preadolescent karate athletes. Karate performance requires high-levels of both static and dynamic balance. Further research dealing with the effect of karate practice on dynamic body balance in young athletes is required.

The article considers the relevance of creating a digital profile of karate athletes, taking into account their physical and psychological characteristics, and its impact on the effectiveness of tactical actions in a sports match. A model of an athlete's digital profile is presented and specific indicators are identified that will be used when choosing an individual tactical scheme for conducting a duel.The purpose of the study is to determine an athlete's predisposition to a certain style of fighting, which is key to achieving high results in karate sports.Organization and methods of research. To test the developed program, we will conduct a study, during which an analysis of the tactical training of karate athletes will be carried out, indicators of criteria for choosing a technical and tactical scheme (style) of conducting a sports duel (physical, anthropometric, psychological) will be revealed. Physical indicators will include the physical qualities of an athlete that influence the choice of a technical and tactical style of fighting: speed, reaction speed, strength, endurance, speed endurance, coordination abilities. Anthropometric indicators include the ratio of an athlete's height and weight, as well as an indicator such as the shoulder of strength, when performing basic technical actions used in karate. Psychological indicators include temperament types such as sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic and melancholic.Conclusions. The issues related to the use of an athlete's digital profile for the individualization of tactical training of karate athletes remain open. To conduct the study, we plan to create a system in which the totality of the initial data will be conveniently received and processed, forming an individual profile of the athlete, which will correspond to a certain tactical scheme of the duel, taking into account all its advantages and disadvantages.

BackgroundSeveral studies report martial arts as a good model for investigating neuroendocrine responses to competitive fighting. However, little is known on the metabolic responses elicited by elite athletes during fighting. In particular, the metabolic picture in elite athletes of martial arts is little known.AimIn the present study, our aim was to investigate the acute effects of a session of karate practice on the glucose-insulin system.Subjects and methodsTen healthy individuals (6M/4F; BMI: 22.1 ± 0.7 kg/m2; 21.9 ± 1.1 years, mean ± SE) who practice karate in national or international competitions were enrolled. All participants completed two experimental trials in a randomised-crossover fashion. A basal blood sample was collected from each athlete to assess plasma glucose, insulin, cortisol, testosterone and catecholamines, before karate training session. In two separate days, another blood sample was collected from each participants after 3 min of real fighting (kumite) and 3 min of ritualized simulation of combat (kata).ResultsIn both trials, plasma glucose resulted to be higher at the end the of performance compared to the basal (p < 0.001 after kumite and p < 0.02 after kata). In contrast, insulin was similar in the basal and after physical activity in the two trials. Catecholamines were higher after kata and kumite sessions with respect to the basal values (p < 0.04) and, in particular, epinephrine post-kumite values were much greater than those measured after kata.ConclusionsOur results indicate that unlike performances of karate (kumite and kata) elicit different plasma glucose increases. In particular, we found that glucose and epinephrine concentrations increased more after kumite than after kata.

This study aims to look at the effect of weight training and the hand reaction speed of the Gyaku Tsuki Punch on Inkanas Selayar Karate Sports. This type of study is a 2x2 factorial experiment. The research population included all Karate sports from Inkanas Selayar, with a total of 70 research samples. The sampling technique utilized the entire population, and the group division was based on matching ordinal pairs. The data analysis techniques used in this study were the 2x2 factorial analysis technique and the Tukey test with SPSS version 20.00 at the significant level of 95%, or α 0.05. The analysis revealed that: (1) Increasing the number of push-ups has a significant impact on gyaku tsuki stroke in Karate Sports of lnkanas Selayar, as evidenced by an increase in the mean from 19.8000 to 35.2500, with an observation of -16.359 &gt; ttable 2.093 and the significant value 0.000 &lt; ± 0.05; (2) There is an influence of pull-up training on gyaku tsuki stroke in Karate Sports oflnkanas Selayar, as proven by the increasing of the mean from 19.6500 to 39.1000 with tobservation -22.093 &gt; ttable 2.093 and the significant value 0.000 &lt; α 0.05. (3) Fcount 94.111 indicates a significant difference between push-up and pull-up training on the gyaku tsuki stroke in Karate Sports of Inkanas Selayar. The ttable value is 2.093, indicating a significant difference between push-up and pull-up training on the gyaku tsuki stroke in Karate Sports of Inkanas Selayar. ttable = 4.113 or significant value 0.000 &lt; α 0.05, (5) there are differences of influence of gyaku tsuki stroke between high reaction speed groups by using push-up training and pull-up training with significant value 0.000 &lt; α 0.05, and the high reaction speed trained by using pull-up is better than using push-up exercise, and (6) there are differences of gyaku tsuki stroke between low reaction speed groups by using push-up workout and pull-up training with significant value 0.000 &lt; α 0.05, and the low reaction speed trained by using push-up is better than using pull-up exercice.

The purpose of this study was to know the effect of plyometric training and weight training with reaction speed toward limb muscle of male volleyball players. The method of the study was treatment design level 2 x 2 , where the independent variable was classified in two parts. The findings were: (1) overall, there is different significant effect of plyometric training and weight training toward limb muscle power of volleyball players (Fh = 0.58 &lt;Ft = 4.00), (2) there is interaction between training methods and reaction speed toward limb muscle power of male volleyball players of SMA IQRO IT Bengkulu city (Fh = 28.39&gt; Ft = 3.97), (3) volleyball players who have high speed reaction have better limb muscle power if using training method rather than training with the Plyometric training method (Fh = 5.35&gt; Ft = 4.01). (4) Volleyball players who have low reaction speed have better limb muscle power if trained by weight training method (fh = 5.12&gt; ft = 4.01). In Conclusion, volleyball players who have high reaction speed are more efficient trained by weight training, meanwhile volleyball players who have low reaction speed are more efficient trained by plyometric training&#x0D; Keyword: Plyometric Exercise Method, Reaction Speed, Power of Leg Muscles.

Introduction Nowadays, high-density interconnect (HDI) printed circuit board (PCB) substrates have been widely applied to high-end electronics to meet the increasing input and output (I/O) density and small footprint area. Micro-via, a tiny structure buried among build-up layers that provide electrical interconnection is a key component in the HDI substrate. However, the preparation of micro-via is facing new challenges. It is not only required that the size of the micro-via scales down to meet the increased interconnect density, but also that the micro-via should withstand severe operating conditions in different scenarios. Therefore, it is of great importance to improve the quality of micro-vias during processing and manufacturing. The micro-via structure is a sandwich structure that is processed by electroless Cu plating and Cu electrolyte plating sequentially, and thus the quality of the electroless Cu layer can significantly affect the reliability of micro-via. In this work, we mainly focused on the electroless Cu plating process and investigated the effect of the electroless Cu deposition speed on the quality of the micro-via structure. SIM and HR-TEM characterizations were employed to investigate the micro-structure inside the electroless Cu layer. Materials and Method In this study, we used the common alkaline ion catalyst method to prepare the electroless Cu layer. The electroless Cu plating and electrolyte Cu plating was conducted on a PCB Resin Coated Copper (RCC) substrate that was cleaned by soft etching in an acid condition. The surface is then pre-dipped in an anionic solution, and palladium ions were adsorbed using an alkaline ion catalyst. The electroless Cu processes adopted in a reaction bath that consists of Cu resource (CuSO4·5H2O), complexing agent (KNaC4H4O6·4H2O) and reductant (HCHO). The whole reaction was conducted in the alkaline condition with a PH of 12.5, and the thickness of the electroless Cu deposition was controlled at around 0.20 µm. NiSO4 is selected as the Ni precursor to alter the Ni concentration in the reation bath. The contents of Ni addition were selected as 50 %, 100 %, 200 % and 300% of a conventional process at a bath temperature of 27 ºC. The thickness of the plated Cu layer was measured by a gravimetric method. Results and discussion TEM observation was used to identify the structure at the interface. Fig. 1 shows the TEM observation of the sample with 50 % and 200 % Ni concentrate. There are some nanovoids found at the interface between the Cu substrate and electroless Cu, which is arguably due to hydrogen generated during electroless Cu plating. The sample with a higher reaction speed has more nanovoids. It can be due to that the higher reaction speed can generate more hydrogen bubbles in the bath that can attach to the electroless Cu layer, leading to nanovoids as shown in Fig. 1. The samples prepared at different bath temperatures are under investigation to illustrate that the reaction speed can significantly affect the Cu electroless layer quality. Conclusions In this work, we investigated the Ni effect in electroless Cu on the RCC substrate. It is found that the higher Ni incorporation can lead to massive nanovoids generation and fine Cu grains in the electroless layer, which is a potential risk for the reliability of the HDI substrate. By reducing the Ni incorporation content, the number of nanovoids can be effectively reduced. Figure 1

Kata, a fundamental component of karate, embodies a series of offensive and defensive movements performed in a structured pattern, showcasing artistic and technical prowess. Evaluating kata performance traditionally faces challenges like human bias and inaccuracies, which emphasize the need for objective evaluation methods. This study aims to develop an artificial intelligence (AI) system to analyze and assess the technical execution of kata movements in karate using image processing and machine learning techniques. The proposed AI system captures high-quality video recordings of athletes performing specific kata, such as Heian Jodan, and employs convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to extract critical motor parameters, including timing, balance, accuracy, and joint angles. It then evaluates performance against predefined technical standards. The system also provides immediate, detailed feedback to players and coaches, highlighting areas of strength and areas requiring improvement. The study was conducted on a sample of 50 brown-belt karate athletes, divided equally into experimental and control groups. The experimental group utilized the AI system for performance evaluation, while traditional coach evaluations assessed the control group. Statistical analyses, including T-tests, revealed that the AI system delivered accurate feedback, closely aligning with the traditional coach assessments, with a minimal difference of 1.11% to 1.19%. Key findings highlighted high accuracy levels (89%-95%) in simpler movements like "Yui (Preparation)" but challenges in maintaining balance during backward movements and slower reaction times in defensive moves. Recommendations include specialized exercises to improve balance, reaction speed, and energy management, alongside integrating the AI system into training programs for consistent and objective performance analysis. This research signifies a technological shift in sports training, offering a reliable, advanced tool to enhance performance evaluation and skill development in karate, bridging gaps in traditional assessment methods while promoting, professional growth in martial arts.

The problem in this study is that it originated from the achievements of the Solok City Public Works (PU) office dojo karate athlete. The purpose of this study was to determine the biomotoric ability of the Dojo office Public Works (Solok) karate athlete. This type of research is descriptive. The population in this study amounted to 25 athletes. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling. The sample in this study amounted to 21 male athletes. Data collection techniques with: 1) Bleeep test is an aerobic endurance test, 2) Leg dynamometer is a test of leg muscle strength, 3. Standing broad jump is a test of the explosive strength of leg muscles, 4) Two hand medicine ball put is a test of arm muscle explosive power , 5) Nelson hand reaction test is a hand reaction speed test, 6) Sit and reach is a flexibility test, 7) Shuttle run is an agility test, 8) Stork stand is a balance test, 9) Ballwerfen und-fangen is an eye-hand coordination test . Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results were obtained as follows: 1) Aerobic endurance (Vo2max) athletes included in the middle classification, 2) limb muscle strength included in the middle classification, 3) explosive muscle leg power included in the classification is less, 4) explosive power of the athlete's arm including in the classification is lacking, 5) The speed of the reaction of the athlete's hand is included in the middle classification, 6) The athletes 'included in the classification is sufficient, 7) The agility of the athletes is included in the middle classification, 8) The balance of the athletes is classified as lacking, 9) The coordination of athletes' eyes includes in the middle classification.

Conventional clinical methods for assessing sensorimotor coordination, such as the Fugl Meyer Assessment (FMA) and Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), often lack the objectivity and high-resolution sensitivity required to detect subtle micro improvements in motor performance. This study presents the design, development, and validation of an intelligent "Catch the Stick" system aimed at accurately and quantitatively assessing human sensorimotor coordination and reaction speed. The proposed multi-metric system integrates 9 axis inertial measurement units (IMUs), a 60 fps computer vision tracking system, and algorithmic classification to evaluate real-time temporal and spatial responses during random stick-dropping tasks. An experimental study was conducted involving fifteen participants (10 healthy individuals and 5 clinical patients with mild to moderate sensorimotor deficits) tested under varying stimulus loads ranging from 1 to 10 sticks. The system demonstrated strong to excellent test-retest reliability (ICC 0.75) and high detection precision (±15 ms temporal error, 2 mm spatial error). Experimental results revealed that increased stick quantity directly correlated with prolonged reaction times, thereby objectively quantifying cognitive motor overload. Furthermore, the system exhibited strong concurrent validity with conventional tools, showing significant positive correlations with FMA (r = 0.78) and ARAT (r = 0.74) scores. Notably, the intelligent system proved more sensitive to micro improvements in 72% of participants compared to traditional clinical scales, although ceiling effects were observed in low difficulty tasks among healthy users. Overall, the intelligent Catch the Stick platform offers a robust, scalable, and highly sensitive solution for quantifying sensorimotor performance in clinical settings, laying the foundation for future robotic automation and autonomous training protocols

Previous research revealed inconsistent effects of bright light or a short nap at noon on alertness and performance across different tasks. The current study aimed to explore whether the effects of bright light and a short nap at noon on task performance depended on the cognitive domain. Bright light (1,200lx, 4,000K at eye level), nap (near darkness) and control (200lx, 4,000K at eye level) conditions were performed from 1:00 to 1:40PM on three non-consecutive days with a counterbalanced order across participants. After being assigned to one of three conditions, participants underwent two repeated test sessions, each including a psychomotor vigilance task, a go/no-go task, and a paced visual serial addition task, with an interval of more than 1 h, to assess the persistent effects of napping and bright light. Subjective sleepiness, vitality, self-control and mood were also measured. Results showed that accuracy on the go/no-go task and the paced visual serial addition task improved significantly throughout the entire experiment session after napping, whereas reaction speed on the paced visual serial addition task improved time-dependently in the bright light intervention, with a higher reaction speed in only the first test session. Nearly all subjective states benefited from napping but not from bright light. These findings suggested that the effects of bright light and an afternoon nap on task performance would depend on the cognitive domain. An afternoon nap may elicit more effective and persistent benefits on task performance and subjective states.

Attention is essential to the work. This study investigated the effects of two different light pulses on a simple attention task. In addition, the effects of subsequent exposure to constant but different illuminance levels on the continuation of the simple attention task and a subsequent complex attention task were examined. A total of 56 subjects were assigned in random order to two white light interventions that were repeated five times during the morning. Each light intervention consisted of a brief light pulse followed by constant light exposure and differed in temporal dimming dynamics and corneal illuminance. Subjective and psychometric parameters were recorded several times during light exposure. Heart rate variability (HRV) was derived from continuous electrocardiograms. Subjects showed improved reaction speed in the simple attention task, accompanied by higher HRV under a brighter light pulse without habituation by repetition. This difference in simple attention performance disappeared when light exposure remained the same after the light pulse. In addition, higher reaction speed and HRV were observed in the complex attention task under constant bright light exposure. Intermittent bright light seems promising to acutely improve attentional performance in office workplaces. Future research is needed to investigate daytime light effects on other work-related cognitive functions.