Оценка риска для здоровья населения промышленных центров Кузбасса в связи с загрязнением атмосферного воздуха

The Concentration of Total Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Imported Rice (Oryza sativa): Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Iranian Population.

Understanding the impact of natural and modified environment on human health is a subject within the scope of medical geology. Ameka and its environs in southeastern Nigeria is known for intensive mining and agricultural activities that frequently predispose water resources to pollution by environmentally sensitive elements (ESEs). The present study analyzed the groundwater quality and associated probabilistic human health risks due to ESEs in Ameka area, using multiple indices and a novel health risk assessment framework, HHRISK. Entropy-weighted water quality index and other geochemical evaluation indices (including pollution index, enrichment factor, index of geoaccumulation, pollution index of groundwater, and quantification of contamination) revealed that all the groundwater samples from hand-dug wells and boreholes were extremely polluted and hence unsuitable for drinking. The HHRISK model was utilized for ingestion and dermal exposure routes assessments. Results showed that all the samples pose very high carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks. With respect to aggregated non-carcinogenic HHRISK, the order of health threat impact of the ESEs for children and adult populations is predicted as Cd > As > Se > Co > Ni > Pb > Mn > Zn > Cu > Fe. However, aggregated cancer risk for both populations followed the trend Ni > Cd > As > Pb. Furthermore, cumulative non-carcinogenic risk (HRQcum) and carcinogenic risk (CRcum) scores (for children and adults) exceeded standard limits in all the samples. However, the scores obtained for the adults were generally lower, implying that the children population is more vulnerable to both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks. Thus, there is urgent need to adopt environmentally-friendly pollution mitigation measures in the Ameka area.

A non-threshold model to estimate carcinogenic risk of nitrate-nitrite in drinking water

Introduction. Quality of the environment produces direct effects on public health in large industrial centers. Implementation of air protection activities at heat-and-power engineering enterprises and autonomous heat supply sources (AHSS), including those stipulated within the “Clean Air” Federal project will allow improving ambient air quality on priority territories. Our research goal was to develop and test methodical approaches to hygienic assessment of air protection activities implemented at heat-and-power engineering enterprises and AHSS with their effectiveness estimated as per health risks. Materials and methods. We estimated effectiveness of air protection activities implemented at heat-and-power engineering enterprises and AHSS included in the Complex plans. It was done by analyzing changes in spatially differentiated rates of inhalation health risks together with residual risk assessment and estimating a number of people who were removed from zones with elevated exposure levels. Results. In Krasnoyarsk, we established a list that included 55 priority chemicals out of 251 substances emitted by heat-and-power engineering enterprises and AHSS. At present, these priority chemicals create unacceptable carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks regarding the respiratory system, eyesight, the immune system and some others (CR is up to 3.31•10-4, HIac is up to 202.31, and HIcr is up to 33.5). Activities to be implemented by 2024 at heat-and-power engineering enterprises and AHSS on the analyzed territory will make it possible to reduce non-carcinogenic risks by 2.57-13.5 times; carcinogenic risks are expected to decrease only slightly. In addition, more than 50 thousand people exposed to high acute non-carcinogenic risks and more than 30 thousand people exposed to high chronic non-carcinogenic risks will be moved to a zone with minimal (target) non-carcinogenic health risks. Limitations of the study were incomplete data on pollution sources and components of industrial emissions; some uncertainties associated with establishing reference exposure level, critical organs/systems and adverse effects; calculated data on concentrations used for certain chemicals. Conclusions. Implementation of air protection activities within the existing Complex plan will allow reducing locally occurring public health risks created by heat-and-power engineering enterprises and AHSS. Additional activities are required to mitigate public health risks down to their acceptable levels in the whole city.

BackgroundHuman activities considerably contribute to polluting potentially toxic element (PTEs) levels in soils, especially agricultural soils. The consistent introduction of PTEs in the environment and the soil pose health-related risks to humans, flora and fauna. One hundred and fifteen samples were collected in the district of Frydek Mistek (Czech Republic) in a regular grid form. The soil samples were air-dried, and the concentrations of PTEs (i.e. lead, arsenic, chromium, nickel, manganese, cadmium, copper, and zinc) were determined by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry). The purpose of this study is to create digitized soil maps that expose the human-related health risks posed by PTEs, estimate pollution indices, ascertain the spatially distributed patterns of PTEs, source apportionment and quantify carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks using the sample location approach.ResultsThe results revealed that the pollution assessment of the soils in the study area using diverse pollution assessment indexes (pollution index, pollution load index, ecological risk and risk index), based on the application of the local background value and the European average value, displayed a range of pollution levels due to differences in the threshold limits from differing geochemical background levels. The principal components analysis and positive matrix factorization, respectively, identified the sources of pollution and the distribution of PTE sources. Mapping the health index and total carcinogenic risk highlighted hotspots of areas within the study area that require immediate remediation. The self-organizing map (SeOM) revealed a diversified colour pattern for the factor scores. A single neuron exhibited a high hotspot in all factor loadings on different blocks of neurons. Children’s CDItotal (Chronic Daily Intake total) values for non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk were found to be greater than adults’, as were their HQ (hazard quotients) and CR (carcinogenic risk) values. According to the health index of non-carcinogenic risk, 6.1% of the study area sampled posed a potential risk to children rather than adults. Corresponding to the sampled pointwise health risk assessment, 13.05% of the sampled locations are carcinogenic to children. The estimated health risk in the agricultural soil was high, with both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks that could threaten persons living in the study area, particularly children.ConclusionIn general, the continuous application of agriculturally related inputs such as phosphate fertilizers and other anthropogenic activities (e.g., steel industry) can increase the level of PTEs in soils. The use of mean, maximum, and minimum values in health risk estimation does not provide a comprehensive picture of a research area’s health state. This study recommends using a sampled pointwise or location health risks assessment approach, which allows researchers to identify high-risk environments that exceeds the recommended threshold as well as areas on the verge of becoming high risk, allowing for rapid remedial action.

Background: People living in the vicinity of large industrial enterprises are known to be exposed to adverse anthropogenic fac­ tors. Ambient air pollution is one of the main health risks for the population residing in the areas of oil refining and petrochemical industries. In the study district of the city of Samara, the priority air contaminants, principally emitted by motor vehicles and industrial premises, include sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, nitrogen dioxide, hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, and benzene. Objective: To assess health risks for the population heavily exposed to airborne chemicals in the city of Samara. Methods: The study was conducted in 2018–2020 in the Kuybyshevsky district of Samara, Russian Federation. Its first stage included hazard identification, i.e. detection of potentially adverse factors, ranking of priority air pollutants having both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects and subject to subsequent risk characterization, and the analysis of xenobiotic con­ centrations in 7,568 ambient air samples. The next stage included population health risk assessment, the results of which were summarized to group the levels of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks by pollutants, routes and pathways of exposure, and target organs. Results: We established that the total carcinogenic risk for the population of the industrial district lay within the second rangeof reference limits and was mainly attributed to inhalation exposure to hexavalent chromium and benzene. The total non-car­ cinogenic hazard index in the community was < 3 for the group of priority pollutants consisting of sulfur oxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrocarbons, and benzene emitted by local oil refineries and petrochemical plants. Conclusions: We obtained permissible risk values for all ambient air contaminants of the industrial district of Samara taken separately. In view of multiplicity of airborne pollutants, however, it is expedient to consider health risks from their combined exposure.

The present paper concerns the patterns of heavy metals (As, Hg, Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn, Cr, and Cu) in surface soil of residential areas located on derelict brownfields in a city in China and the health risks to the residents. Forty-one surface soil samples were collected from 9 housing units built on different brownfields in a city of Henan Province in China, and the concentrations of heavy metals were measured. Based on the health risk models recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of soil heavy metals were assessed. Compared with the original brownfields, soil heavy metal contents and their health risks in housing units built on brownfields have significantly decreased. The contents and health risks of heavy metals in these housing units are all higher than those in non-brownfield housing units. The result of health risk assessment indicates that there are no non-carcinogenic risks and slight carcinogenic risks for the residents in these housing units. The contribution of hazard quotient caused by arsenic (HQ As) to hazard index (HI) is approximately 53%, and the contribution of cancer risk caused by arsenic (CR AS) to total carcinogenic risk (TCR) is approximately 80%. The obtained results have confirmed the environmental effects of brownfields and that soil remediation is an essential step for the redevelopment of brownfields. Arsenic is the crucial heavy metal for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk in the housing units of the city, and the highest levels of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks are associated with the route of ingestion of soil for all heavy metals.

Identification priority source of soil heavy metals pollution based on source-specific ecological and human health risk analysis in a typical smelting and mining region of South China

Background China’s Municipal solid waste (MSW) is growing rapidly. Incineration and landfill are two main approaches of MSW disposal and both of them emit different types of ambient pollutants and threaten human health. There lacks systematic health risk assessment and projections of MSW incineration and landfill in China. Methods We established the historical MSW incineration and landfill emission inventories from 2015 to 2017 and used the Gaussian Diffusion Model to simulate the spatial distribution of ambient pollutants. We then used Risk Quotients Model to assess the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks through inhalation exposure. Besides, we set seven possible MSW incineration development scenarios to predict health risk levels in 2035, considering the effect of population growth, incineration rate, waste classification and recycling, and technology progress. Results The results show that non-carcinogenic risk caused by MSW incineration from 2015 to 2017 was lower than landfill at the national level. Both of them were meet the maximum acceptable level (HI ≤ 1). From 2015 to 2017, carcinogenic risks caused by landfill were 9.42 × 10-6, 9.40 × 10-6, 9.37 × 10-6, nine times larger than the maximum acceptable level (CR ≤ 1×10-6). Carcinogenic risks caused by incineration were 5.71 × 10-6, 7.92 × 10-6, 9.44 × 10-6, five to nine times larger than the maximum acceptable level. Projection results show that compared to the baseline scenario, through classification and recycling, changing incinerator furnace, and improving, national health risk levels will be decreased by 24%, 94% and 97%. Conclusions We assessed the health risks caused by MSF disposal and found MSF incineration a relatively low risk alternative disposal approach compared to waste landfill. In the future, local government should reduce MSF disposal health risks by optimizing the selection of incinerators locations, improving the garbage sorting recycling system, and strengthening information disclosure and communications.

Evaluation of groundwater quality with multi-source pollution based on source identification and health risks

Composite assessment of human health risk from potentially toxic elements through multiple exposure routes: A case study in farmland in an important industrial city in East China

Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta), a widely consumed fish in the Persian Gulf, may accumulate hazardous, potentially toxic elements due to environmental pollution. This study assessed concentrations of lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), inorganic arsenic (iAs), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd) in mackerel fillets. It evaluated potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks. Thirty fish samples were analyzed using ICP-AES. Chronic daily intake (CDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), total THQ (TTHQ), and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) were calculated for adults and children, with uncertainty assessed via a Monte Carlo Simulation model. Mean potentially toxic elements concentrations (mg/kg wet weight) ranked: Pb (0.145) > Ni (0.118) > iAs (0.234) > Cu (0.020) > Co (0.008) > Cr (0.002) > Cd (0.0001). Non-carcinogenic risk (TTHQ) was below 1 for adults (0.342) but higher for children (0.711). Carcinogenic risk (ILCR) for adults (1.44 × 10−4) slightly exceeded the tolerable limit (1 × 10−4). Indian mackerel consumption poses no carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic health risks to consumers.

To analyze the pollution characteristics of heavy metals in the soil of farmland surrounding the gangue heap of a coal mine in Chongqing, the Nemerow, Muller, and Hakanson indices were used. Meanwhile, to investigate the health risks of heavy metals in soil, a health risk assessment model was employed using Monte Carlo simulation. The results revealed that the average contents of Cd, Hg, As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn were higher than their soil background values, and the Muller index (Igeo) from high to low was as follows:Cd>Hg>Cu>As>Ni>Zn>Cr>Pb. The Nemerow index (PN) demonstrated that the results of the assessment indicated mainly light pollution (1<PN ≤ 2). The single factor index (Pi) from high to low was as follows:Cd>Cu>Ni>Cr>Zn>As>Pb>Hg. The Hakanson index (RI) demonstrated that the results of the assessment indicated mainly moderate ecological risk (150 ≤ RI<300). The single ecological risk index (Eri) from high to low was as follows:Cd>Hg>As>Cu>Ni>Pb>Cr>Zn. The health risk assessment of heavy metals revealed that the non-carcinogenic health risks of children and adults could be ignored, but carcinogenic health risks existed, with an average total carcinogenic risk index (TCR) of 1.04E-5 and 3.94E-6, respectively. The major carcinogenic factors were As and Cd. Sensitivity analysis of non-carcinogenic health risks revealed that the ingestion rate of soil (Ringest) was the most sensitive, followed by the contents of As. Meanwhile, sensitivity analysis of carcinogenic health risks indicated that the content of As was the most sensitive, followed by the ingestion rate of soil (Ringest). In general, the health risks of children, including non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, were higher than those of adults.

Heavy metals in the environment have proven to be a major health concern, and there are several health risks associated with it. Seafood consumers are particularly prone to these health risks. This study was designed to investigate heavy metal levels in shellfish from Bodo City and B-Dere, Ogoniland, Rivers State, Nigeria, and to evaluate possible human health risks to consumers of shellfish in these coastal regions. Non-carcinogenic health risk for consumption of shellfish were evaluated using the estimated daily intake (EDI) and target hazard quotients (THQs) for Ni, Cr, As, Cd, Pb, and Fe, while carcinogenic health risk from Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, As, and Ni was also evaluated. EDI was below the threshold values for Cr but exceeded the threshold for Cd, Pb, As, Ni and Fe. THQs for Cr, Cd, Pb, and Ni were below 1 except for Cd in U. tangeri from Bodo City. THQs values for As and Fe were greater than 1 except for Fe level in C. pallidus from Bodo City and U. tangeri from Bodo City and B-Dere. Also, carcinogenic risk (CR) for Cr in all shellfish exceeded the accepted risk level of 10E−4. Cd CR level for C. pallidus, T. fucastus, U. tangeri, and C. gasar collected from Bodo City and B-Dere also exceeded the accepted risk level of 10E−4 for As and Ni. CR risk for Pb was below the acceptable range of 10E−4. Consumers of shellfish from Bodo City and B-Dere may be exposed to hazardous metals contamination over a period of time.

Heavy metal contents in PM2.5 particulate dust poses potential risk to the health of human beings. This study aims to measure PM2.5 dust concentrations and characterize heavy metals bound in PM2.5 to estimate health risks in both children and adult groups. PM2.5 dust was measured in Bandung Regency in industrial land uses, located in the Dayeuhkolot sub-district. Measurement of PM2.5 concentrations using a Low Volume Air Sampler (LVAS) with PTFE filters. Sample was collected for 7 days x 24 hours. Heavy metals in PM2.5 dust were characterized using ED-XRF. Calculation of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks was only performed on metals classified as Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs). The average concentration of PM2.5 during the measurement period was 59,10±9,10 μg/m3, exceeding the daily ambient air quality standard based on PP No.22 of 2021 which is&gt; 55μg/m3. The risk of non-carcinogenicity is expressed in Health Index (HI) values. The heavy metals considered in determining non-carcinogenic risk are As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Mn, Ni, Se, Fe, Zn, Si, and Sb as well as the crustal elements Si and Fe. Non-carcinogenic risk associated with exposure to heavy metals in PM2.5 showed HI&lt;1 for both children and adults. This indicates that the exposure to heavy metals in PM2.5 around the Dayeuhkolot industrial area is at an acceptable risk level. HI value for heavy metal exposure for children was 0.34±0.17 and 0.42±0.28 for adults. In estimating the carcinogenic risk value, elements taken into account include As, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb. Carcinogenic risk in both children and adults showed ECR&gt;10-6 of 4.5×10-5 and 2.1×10-4, respectively. This indicates that there is an unsafe health risk that can potentially cause carcinogenic effects in the population around the Dayeuhkolot industrial area The results of this study can be used as a reference database for establishing policies related to air quality in Bandung Regency.