بررسی سفر دریایی حج در قرون چهارم و پنجم هجری با تکیه بر ادوار عمران جده

Abstract

Muslims who wanted to visit the house of God used different routes to reach Mecca. Even though Arabia is surrounded by the sea on three sides, in the first to third centuries of Hijri, the majority of pilgrims made this journey by land routes. From the end of the 3rd century of Hijri, several factors such as the weakness of the Abbasid caliphs, the rivalry between the Fatimid and Abbasid caliphs, and the attacks of Qaramata and bandits on the pilgrim caravans, worked hand in hand to make the land routes unsafe and the pilgrims had difficulty performing this duty. Almost simultaneously with these developments, the port of Jeddah was experiencing increasing prosperity. This research seeks to investigate the possible relationship of these variables with the method of historical analysis. The results of the research showed that the insecurity of the land routes and its coincidence with the prosperity of maritime and commercial voyages led to the prosperity of sea travel to Hajj from Siraf and Sohar to Jeddah, which was influenced by the presence of Iranians and pilgrim caravans, several centuries of economic prosperity and experienced business.