«Я закричала: что вы делаете, я пойду мужиков взбунтую»: акушерки-фельдшерицы в российской провинции на рубеже XIX–XX вв.

The article discusses participation of Tatar intellectuals in civil events in the Turkestan region in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. At that time, modernization movements in Turkestan were widely spread. The initiatives aimed at developing the socio-cultural life of Turkestan received a significant support from Tatar intellectuals, along with contemporary educational institutions. Expansion of the Tatar diaspora in Central Asia has a long history. By the end of the 19th century, Tatars were actively involved in social, economic, and political events in the region. In the early 20th century, Tatar national intellectuals also actively participated in opening new schools and contributed to the development of the press and the theater scene in Turkestan. Because of the reform movements that appeared in the Muslim world, publishing activities and the press flourished in the Kazan Province. National newspapers and journals were launched, some of which were also present in Turkestan. These publications informed the Muslim population living within the empire about the latest developments in both internal and external affairs. Similar national press publications were also introduced in Turkestan. The adoption of innovative teaching methods in certain madrasas in the Kazan Province marked a significant improvement in the higher education system. These changes contributed to the advancement of civil life in the Muslim world of the Russian Empire. The given article analyzes historical events in Uzbekistan from the late 19th to early 20th centuries based on a number of archival documents, press materials, sources, and scholarly literature.

Relevance of the problem. The shortage of medical personnel is a pressing issue in the world, Russia and Khabarovsk Krai, negatively affecting the availability and quality of medical care for the population. The objective of this study was to analyze the current situation with the provision of personnel for healthcare in Khabarovsk Krai and to develop proposals for the selection, recruitment, training and retention of medical personnel in the healthcare of the region. Materials and methods. The research uses the methods of comparative analysis and content analysis. The source of information was statistical materials published by the Medical Information and Analytical Center of the Ministry of Health of the Khabarovsk Krai "Healthcare Institutions of the Khabarovsk Territory Staffing" for 2010–2023. Results and discussion. A comparative analysis has shown that the outflow of doctors and mid-level medical workers from state healthcare institutions subordinate to the Ministry of Health of the Khabarovsk Krai is long-term and has been increasing in recent years; the staffing of state healthcare institutions with medical specialists, even taking into account part-time work, does not cover healthcare needs. The age composition of doctors and mid-level medical workers is characterized by a sharp decrease in their number over 45 years of age compared to the previous age, a "gap" in the age category of 46–60 years and the retention in the industry of about 25 % of workers over 60 years of age from their total number, "committed" to state healthcare. It should be noted that a centripetal nature of the redistribution of specialists towards urban districts has developed in the region. This is confirmed by the data on the population decline in rural municipalities for the period from 2004 to January 1, 2024. The problem of recruitment, training and employment of graduates of medical educational institutions remains in the healthcare of the region. Among the targeted students of the medical university who have completed their studies, approximately 30 % have unilaterally refused their employment obligations in recent years. Among the graduates of the medical college, only 25 % are employed annually. This calls into question the organization of work on recruitment, training and retention of target personnel and, possibly, the practice of targeted recruitment in educational institutions in general. The decrease in the number of school graduates, the limited number of schoolchildren studying in medical schools do not allow for a competition to form a contingent of applicants aimed at entering medical educational institutions of the region. Conclusions. The conducted analysis has allowed the author to form his own point of view on the solution of the problem in the form of the need to develop interdepartmental measures for the selection, recruitment, training and retention of medical personnel in the healthcare of the Khabarovsk Territory. At the same time, the author believes that without a comprehensive socio-economic development of the Khabarovsk Krai and the Far Eastern Federal District as a whole, aimed at improving the quality of life of the region's residents, the problem of reproduction of personnel in healthcare cannot be solved.

In the late 19th – early 20th centuries, with the support of the Tatar bourgeoisie, the largest Jadid madrasas appeared in almost all regions of compact Tatar residence, which became centers of Tatar culture. Many educational institutions existed in rural areas, and they became centers of education in a given region. Thanks to their leader or mentors, they were recognized in the Tatar-Muslim world. The fruitful activity and experience of the famous madrasas gave hope for the widespread dissemination of Jadid education among Tatars. One of these madrasas, which can be called a unique educational institution, is the madrasah of Izh-Bobya of the Sarapulsky district of the Vyatka province. The history of this madrasah is connected with the activities of the Nigmatullin brothers, their experience, the cadres who grew up in the madrasah, served the development of education not only among the Tatars, but also other peoples of the Turkic world. The purpose of this study is to show the influence of the Izh-Bubi madrasah on the development of education in the Mountainous side of the Kazan province as a whole. Using the example of the history of the Akzigit madrasah of the Civil district of Kazan, the interrelation and cooperation of Tatar educational institutions, regardless of their location, is described. The research is aimed at understanding the history of famous madrasas in the educational system among the Tatars of the late 19th- early 20th centuries. This is the novelty of the study. This approach to the problem made it possible to reveal little-known pages of the history of both the Izh-Bubi and Akzegit madrassa. It turned out that many teachers of the Akzegit madrasah were graduates of the Izh-Bubi madrasah, so they became the companions of Jadid education in the Mountainous side of the Kazan province. On the example of the activities of these educational institutions, the High culture of the Tatar people in rural areas in the late 19th – early 20th centuries is presented.

n the not-so-distant future, the professionals who keep medical devices humming might not have the job title or responsibilities of today’s “clinical engineer” (CE) or “ biomedical equipment technician (BMET).” That’s because working with medical devices increasingly requires a skill set that goes beyond those of many medical technology professionals in the field today. Hospitals and manufacturers are responding by creating new, hybrid jobs that require a broader range of skills. Moreover, more institutions are realigning their organizational, operational, and reporting structures to reflect the changing nature of job roles and responsibilities. In this environment, the days of carving a career out of “fixing boxes,” in the words of several medical technology professionals, is giving way to an era of new opportunities for careers focused on integrating, managing, and servicing highly sophisticated and interconnected systems.

The article is devoted to the autobiographical texts by E.A. Malov, a missionary and a teacher of the Kazan Theological Academy during the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. This period of time was characterized by a massive apostasy in the Kazan province of Orthodox newly baptized and old-baptized "foreigners" to Islam or paganism, which largely predetermined the specifics of the academy scientific work and its professors. The texts are written in the form of a diary describing the reflections on the implementation of a missionary campaign among Muslims and Orthodox "foreigners" and the conversations with shakirds and mullahs of the Kazan province during the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. E.A. Malov's diaries are directly related to his missionary activity, in which he participated actively throughout his life. Unlike many autobiographical texts that belonged to the clergy of that period, the Kazan missionary's diaries do not reflect the facts from his personal, and family life. The author of the diaries formulated the principles of "missionary science", the methods of refuting paganism and the Islamic religion. The texts of the diaries show that E.A. Malov strove to establish clear disciplinary boundaries of "missionary science," based mainly on historical criticism of sources, requiring specialized training. it is concluded that this source can be considered as one of the valid educational references in the field of propaganda science.

At the end of the 19th century, the total amount of Tatars in Chistopol (Kazan province) were 24.5% of all the townspeople. However, the history of the city’s Muslim communities in the pre-revolutionary period are among the poorly studied scientifi c problems. The information about Muslim female education in Chistopol in the late 19th and early 20th centuries is very fragmentary. This exact research embraced the analyses of various documents and materials, including photographs from museum collections. Moreover, the article presents the biography of a famous Tatar journalist of the early 20th century, born in Chistopol - FatimaFarida Vagapova (Navruzova) (1889–1914) and describes her long journey to knowledge. Until 1917, in Chistopol there were three Tatar educational institutions: two madrasahs and a Russian-Tatar school. In 1913, 355 girls studied in this schools. The article analyzes the main problems of Tatar women’s schools formation and development, reveals the information about the staff of these educational centers. The author provides a conclusion that the decisive role in the development of Muslim female education in Chistopol belonged to the representatives of Muhammetzakir Ishan Kamalov (1818–1893) clan and to the other residents of the city close to this family.

BackgroundUptake for cervical cancer screening (CCS) is extremely low among immigrant women, particularly Muslim women, because of barriers related to religious values, beliefs, and fatalism. This scoping review aimed to summarize and analyze the findings of previous studies regarding perceived barriers to CCS among Muslim immigrant women.MethodsA search of electronic databases of peer-reviewed articles, including MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed, and Scopus was conducted. The following criteria were used for the selection of the articles: (a) the study population consisted of immigrant Muslim women, (b) CCS barriers were the main focus of the study, (c) the articles were original research articles, (d) the research was conducted within the last 10 years, and (d) the study was reported in English language.ResultsBarriers included sociodemographic factors, economic, language, cognitive, and emotional reactions. The healthcare system was classified as a community barrier, whereas culture and religion were categorized as social barriers. Beliefs that becoming ill and dying is the will of Allah and that health problems are a punishment from God were considered to be major barriers to CCS among immigrant Muslim women.ConclusionAccess to health service centers and CCS among Muslim immigrant women is challenging. Information dissemination by health care workers is needed to increase awareness of CCS and access to CCS service points among immigrant Muslim women. Physician recommendations to attend CCS also play an important role.

Russian population of the region is becoming the object of research of the representatives of Kazan ethnographic school from the second half of the 1940s.By the early 1990s the material culture, features of family life and social relations had been thoroughly studied, local variations of the rituals of the life cycle and especially the wedding cycle were described in detail.The acknowledgement of the narrowness of the written source base, which was essential for the deep reconstruction of local Russian culture of the 19th century, became the common place of most publications.Thus, the key element of the ethnographic description was the authors' ''field'' material, which was obtained during regular ethnographic expeditions.The age of informants and the conservativeness of the rural environment made it possible to accurately recreate the "ethnographic present" of the late 19th -early 20th centuries.The analysis of the earlier period used to be mainly based on individual works of the pre-Soviet era.The purpose of this work is a comprehensive historiographic analysis of materials published between 1804 and 1917, containing information about the Russian population of the Kazan province and, it's ethnographic features.The object of study is the corpus of published materials of different genres, publications of scientific and cultural-educational nature in particular, as well as statistical and other documentary information about the Russian population of the Kazan province.Consideration of the published sources in combination will allow to compile a more accurate and complete picture of the representation of the Russian population in public space during the formation of ethnography in Russia as an independent field of scientific knowledge.

The article considers the forms of industrial labor organization in the Middle Volga provinces in the early 20th century, which were not directly related to work in factory enterprises. Although the trend of growing concentration of labor force in the Russian industry was determinant on a macroeconomic scale, the picture was somewhat different at the micro level. In particular, in the industrial provinces of the Middle Volga region in the early 20th century, decentralized forms of labor organization typical for the proto-industrial stage of economic modernization were preserved. First of all, they manifested themselves in the work of distribution offices, which acted as customers for the production of industrial items as well as in the activities of factories and plants, outside of which some production processes and even entire stages of manufacturing of the finished product were taken out. The study revealed that the use of decentralized forms of labor organization in the Russian industry of the early 20th century remained quite a widespread and sustainable practice. In the Middle Volga region it was localized within the framework of the manufacture of felted shoes, tailoring of uniforms for the army (Kazan province), as well as flax spinning (Samara province), cotton (Saratov province), matchmaking (Penza province) and some other industries. The main reasons for the persistence of this phenomenon are the following: the slow pace of depeasantization and the underdevelopment of hired labor market; the possibility of additional profit for entrepreneurs due to cost reduction and minimization of expenditures on fixed capital; a smaller share of responsibility of employers to home-based workers compared to factory workers in accordance with the existing norms of labor legislation, etc.

The article examines the features of the ethnographic description of the urban population of Kazan province in the 19th -early 20th centuries.The methodological and methodical approaches used by the authors in the 19th century are presented, as well as the changes that took place in the ethnography of the city during the period under review.The object of the study is the Russian population of the Kazan province, which made up the bulk of the townspeople for almost the entire century.The statistical parameters and cultural characteristics reflected in the publications of the studied time are noted.The authors focus on the fact that the formation of urban ethnography largely took place within the framework of the formation of national ethnography as an independent branch of knowledge with its own subject and research tools.At the same time, for a long time urban ethnography was not institutionalized within the framework of Russian ethnography as an independent field, which left its mark on modern research.The belated design of urban ethnography led to the effect of lagging development and slowed down the emergence of authentic theoretical approaches, and as a result, the formation of a specialized national school.

The article highlights the problem of the formation of music education in Slobozhanshchyna in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries in the context of studying the general trends of cultural and educational development of the region. Based on the analysis of the results of previous studies, it has been proved that the development of music education in Ukraine in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries has been revealed in scientific publications. At the same time, it has been established that the problem of highlighting the main milestones and ways of institutionalization of music education in Slobozhanshchyna (Sloboda region) through the creation of special educational institutions of vocational music, as well as substantiation of opportunities to use cultural and educational experience at the turn of the century and raising children in the modern education system, requires further research and practical implementation. The aim of the article is to reveal the experience of formation and development of the system of music education in Slobozhanshchyna in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries in terms of analyzing the activities of music education centers and identifying ways of its modern use. The authors have used a set of research methods: system-structural and historical-genetic methods to assess the cultural situation in the region; general research methods to organize and generalize theoretical views of historical facts, clarify the problem in the dynamics, substantiate the main historical milestones; study of historical literature, archival, statistical, normative documents in order to generalize the practical experience of music education in educational institutions of the region. It has been found that the identity of cultural traditions of ethnic groups of Slobozhanshchyna has determined the specifics of the development of music education in the region, revealed the features of cultural and musical life in the region, the spread of private music education, public associations and creative associations (Kharkiv Society of Choral Singers, Music and Charity Kharkiv Music Group, Church Singing Society), the development of music education, which proved to be an important basis for the development and institutionalization of music education. The activity of music classes, evening classes at music classes, Sunday courses, the work of which was aimed at training church choir singers and music teachers, created under the auspices of public societies, is essential for the institutionalization of music education in Slobozhanshchyna. In the context of research of regional problems and difficulties of music education development, in particular concerning primary stage of work of Kharkiv music school in the studied period, the big role of the known music figure, teacher and the inspirer of process of institutionalization of music education in Slobozhanshchyna I. Slatin has been allocated. Based on the analysis of historical and pedagogical literature we have revealed the main milestones in the process of institutionalization of music education, identified a variety of forms of such education in the region (music classes, private music lessons, music lectures, courses for singers, performers and regents); the experience of creation of the first institution of music education in Slobozhanshchyna – music school has been analyzed, its activity has been characterized, the organizational conditions of activity of music school as the most important center of music education of youth in the region have been analyzed.

The article deals with the actual problem of the influence of scientific institutions of the Orenburg Region on the imperial policy of acculturation of nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century. The author states that, despite the turn made by modern researchers from the so-called “colonial approach” to a more flexible concept of “acculturation”, a number of problems still remain little studied. In particular, we are talking about the role of local scientific and educational institutions in the implementation of the imperial policy of acculturation. In the border Orenburg Region in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century, three scientific institutions functioned: the Orenburg Provincial Statistical Committee, the Orenburg Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society and the Orenburg Scientific Archival Commission. Created largely on the initiative of the provincial authorities, these institutions were supposed to carry out not only a comprehensive study of the Orenburg Region, but also nomadic peoples living in Central Asia, on the one hand to answer the question of the possibility of spreading the influence of Russian civilization and culture, and on the other to develop specific mechanisms of acculturation policy. Based on the analysis of published and unpublished sources, the author identifies the following mechanisms of acculturation used by scientific institutions of the Orenburg Region: ethnographic and statistical research, museification and construction of the historical narrative of nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples. The author believes that Orenburg researchers, having collected a significant array of sources on the history, ethnography, culture and life of nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples, played an important role in preserving their ethnoidentity.

<p>The research article under discussion proves that in the late 19<sup>th</sup> and early 20<sup>Th</sup>  century a prominent role in solving the problem of improving health of children and adolescents  of the Slobidskyi region belonged to the private initiative of the  progressive intelligentsia, including teachers, doctors, university professors and other public figures who united to form various associations, such as Kharkiv Society for the Promotion of Literacy,  Pedagogical Department of the Historical and Philological Society of Kharkiv University,  Society of Pediatric Doctors, Kharkiv Society for the Promotion of Child Physical Development and Child Care. The study reveals that the members of the mentioned associations took an active part both in developing the theoretical basis for tackling the problem of improving health, and in organizing numerous institutions and activities aimed at maintaining and strengthening children’s and adolescents’ health.The research findings show that meetings of various societies and congresses held in the Slobidskyi region at different times became the place for discussing topical issues related to the problem of maintaining and strengthening the health ofchildren and  adolescents, for example, and in particular, the meetings of the Congress on the organization of intelligent entertainment  (1815), which was initiated by the Kharkiv Society for the Promotion of Literacy (with reports made by V. Horynevskyi, A. Rabynovych, M. Stanilovska and others).In the late 19Th –early 20Th century the problem of improving the health of children  and adolescents came into focus and attracted considerable attention of private educational institutions functioning in the region. Some of them, for example a private gymnasium owned by D. Obolenska,  were highly praised at the hygienic exhibition  of the Society for the Protection of Public Health,  hosted in St. Petersburg in the spring of 1893.The progressive local intelligentsia of the second half of the 19th– early 20<sup>th</sup> century also had a leading role in creating a network of educational institutions for children with special needs.The study describes the work of summer school colonies organized by the Kharkiv Literacy Society which founded the sanitary committee in 1898.The members of the committee, who were responsible for providing conditions for improving children’s health in the summertime, put forward the suggestion to create summer colonies in the Slobidskyi region whose main objectives were supposed to include enabling the weakest children from poor families to gain strength in healthy rural environment for further more successful and unimpeded studying;  developing useful and good habits such as taking care of oneself and one’s friends, mutual help, mutual concessions; and, in general, assisting children’s moral development. It is highly important to highlight that the overall organization of those summer colonies was subject to the accomplishment of the sanitary and educational objectives listed above.</p>

Background. The functions of the provincial administration in the socio-cultural sphere underwent changes because of the significant disturbances in the powers of the governor's corps at the regional level in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. This trend was facilitated not only by new local government bodies and committees created because of liberal reforms, but also by the subsequent sharp change in government policy, which in the 1980s acquired a conservative direction. The assessment of the provincial administration in interaction with educational institutions and charities remains ambiguous. The work analyzes clerical documentation and periodicals, which reveals the functions of the provincial administration in the field of education and charity in a new way. Purpose – This study investigates the activities of the Vladimir provincial administration in the field of education and charity in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Materials and methods. The basis for the study was the periodicals, such as the Vladimir Provincial Gazette, the Vladimir Diocesan Gazette, the Vladimirets Gazette, and the office documents of the State Archive of the Vladimir Region: correspondence of institutions, reports, and accounts. This work uses problem-chronological, genetic, and analytical methods to preserve the principles of historicity and consistency. Results. The transitioning from a liberal model to a conservative one affected the principles of interaction between the governor's corps and provincial institutions on issues of education. In these areas, the administration of the Vladimir province adheres to the principles of supervision, control and clarification. The authorities are especially wary of educational institutions, due to the growth of opposition sentiments. Nevertheless, a characteristic feature inherent in the Vladimir province at the beginning of the 20th century was the rapprochement of governors and zemstvo institutions on issues of education, where the former tried to petition the highest government bodies for zemstvo initiatives on opening new educational institutions. Application of research findings in practice. The results of this study can be used in the field of research of political and regional history of both Vladimir province and provinces with similar structure of governance. Also, the obtained results can be applied to teaching regional history of Vladimir region.

The article considers the development of musical and cultural life in the largest centres of Southern Ukraine in the late 19th – early 20th century: Kherson, Nikolaev and Odessa. The author pays special attention to the specific features of the region determined by its geographical location and multi-ethnic population. In many provincial and district centres of Southern Ukraine, cultural life developed due in no small way to the involvement of musically gifted foreigners: Czech and German colonists and also the guests from the modern Czech Republic, Germany, Austria, Italy etc. The author provides evidence that almost every department of the Imperial Russian Musical Society (IRMS) of the southern region of that historical period engaged foreign specialists. Moreover, many domestic music teachers received musical education in European conservatories (Leipzig, Warsaw, Brussels, Vienna and others). All of the aforesaid illustrates the implementation of European pedagogical and methodological principles in music education in Southern Ukraine. In many educational institutions (especially women’s institutions), foreigners made up the majority of teachers. Having analyzed the cultural life in Southern Ukraine in the 2nd half of the 19th – early 20th century, the author concludes that the increasing demand for a diverse and comprehensive cultural life in local communities back at that time determined the development of musical courses and educational institutions (both public and private), the IRMS local branches, performing schools and groups etc. General trends in the development of music, musical pedagogy and other areas of musical activity were rooted in Western European traditions. Thus, interethnic musical contacts carried out on the territory of Southern Ukraine and its cultural and economic centre – Odessa, contributed to the formation of a unique multi-dimensional culture of this region by the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century.