토지피복 분류와 지상부 바이오매스 추정량을 이용한 보호지역 산림 탄소저장량 분석·비교 연구: 몽골 항헹티특별보호지역과 한국 설악산국립공원 대상으로

Summary The Northern Territory (NT) in Australia has been perceived by many as a frontier for future agricultural development that could serve as a future food bowl for Australia. However, such development is likely to require the conversion of large areas of relatively intact savanna forests, woodlands and grasslands into other land uses, resulting in the release of large amounts of greenhouse gases. With the evolution of international carbon markets, new livelihood opportunities are arising from the management of carbon in landscapes, to enhance sequestration as a means of combating climate change. In order for land owners and governments to realise these opportunities, it is necessary to gain a better understanding of the potential carbon stocks that can occur across different ecosystems throughout the NT. This article assesses the utility of the National Carbon Accounting Toolbox (NCAT) for estimating and mapping carbon stocks in the NT. The NCAT modelling estimates that the NT environments hold approximately 21.5 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents. The estimates of carbon vary from 5 to 235 tonnes of carbon per ha, decreasing from the north, where the highest estimates are for north-east Arnhem Land and the Tiwi Islands, to the arid lands of the south. They are thought to be the lowest in the Spinifex grasslands east of Alice Springs and west of Tennant Creek. Estimates of potential emissions from clearing and burning of native vegetation range from 27 to 439 tonnes of carbon dioxide per ha, depending on the initial vegetation type. The NCAT estimates are already being used for land-clearing assessments in the NT and demonstrate that Indigenous lands hold high levels of carbon. The performance of NCAT will depend strongly on the quality of the data on which predictions are based and the robustness of model parameterisation. We suggest that further work on soils, fire, grasslands, wetlands and woody debris is needed to improve the validity of the NCAT estimates for carbon in north Australian environments.

Bamboo, a rapidly growing member of the grass family, thrives across diverse climates worldwide and offers vital ecosystem services essential for human well-being and economic development. Notably, bamboo releases 35% more oxygen than other trees and sequesters an average of 12 tons of carbon dioxide per hectare, highlighting its significant ecological benefits. This study analyses the contribution of bamboo to climate change adaptation and mitigation, focusing on Tanzania as a case study. Specifically, the study aims to determine the amount of biomass and carbon stock of bamboo in Tanzania, and estimate the financial benefits from including bamboo in carbon payment projects like REDD+. Utilizing adapted allometric models and data from the National Forest Resources Monitoring and Assessment (NAFORMA) of 2015, the study reveals that Tanzania possesses 4.04 billion tons of stored bamboo biomass and 1.9 billion tons of stored bamboo carbon, translating to an estimated 7.6 billion US dollars in unutilized conservation profit from carbon trading. The findings indicate that 51.4% of the stored bamboo biomass, carbon, and potential conservation profit are concentrated in the genus Bambusa, with nearly half of these resources located in the southern regions of Lindi and Mtwara. These results underscore the substantial ecological and economic benefits of bamboo ecosystem services, emphasizing the need for stakeholders to formulate strategies for the sustainable production, conservation, and management of bamboo in Tanzania. The study provides a benchmark for developing policies and plans that leverage bamboo's potential in climate change adaptation and mitigation, promoting environmental sustainability and economic growth.

This study was conducted to obtain the basic research about Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), and to establish a conservation area into Seoraksan(Mt.) National Park, South Korea. We recorded Siberian roe deer field signs (bedding sites, feeding areas, feces and tracks etc), and habitat variables such as nearest distance to the watercourse, trails, slope, aspect, forest type and land cover etc. from Jan. 2006 to Dec. 2007 in Seoraksan(Mt.) National Park. According to the research of habitat characteristics of Siberian roe deer inhabited in Seoraksan(Mt.) National Park preferred mixed forest consisted of aged forest and middle-aged forest on the gentle slope which was close to hydrosphere in the middle elevation area of altitude of 400~600m above sea level in Seoraksan(Mt.) National Park. The results indicated that Siberian roe deer appeared to prefer south slope or north slope during the snow season and west or east slope during the non-snow season. The area of most suitable habitat for Siberian roe deer in Seoraksan(Mt.) National Park was 125.8km (32% of the total area) followed by 244.3km buffer area (62.2% of the total area), and 22.9km unsuitable habitat area (5.8% of the total area), which means environmentally unsuitable habitat for Siberian roe deer was rare in Seoraksan(Mt.) National Park. Thus, the area 92 박용수.이우신 󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏 classified as major area in Seoraksan(Mt.) National Park appeared to be most important for the protection of Siberian roe deer.

There are more than 7000 active brick kilns in Bangladesh to meet the country's growing demand for building materials. The country's brick kiln industry employs more than 1.0 million people and contributes around 1.0% to the national economy. A substantial number of the country's brick kilns are located in the Greater Dhaka Region. Urban air pollution has become a great concern in this region due to the stack emissions during the brick manufacturing period. Estimation revealed that around 1.80 million tons of carbon dioxide, 302,200 tons of carbon monoxide, 23,300 tons of particulate matters, 15,500 tons of sulfur dioxide, and 6000 tons of black carbon are emitted to manufacture 3.50 billion bricks annually. In previous research contributions, the effect of air pollution from the brick kiln operation in this region has been addressed. However, no past study has assessed the effect of heavy metals released from brick kiln emissions during their production period on the adjacent soil environment of this region. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine heavy metal concentrations in the top soils and their adverse effects on the soil quality from active brick kilns, situated in the Ashulia region of Greater Dhaka. The soil sampling within the vicinity of the studied three brick kilns was performed at different radial distances ranging from 0 to 400 m during the brick production period. The concentration level of the analyzed heavy metal contents from the 15 sampling locations was found in the following order, iron > magnesium > calcium > manganese > zinc > nickel > chromium > copper > arsenic > lead > cadmium. The concentration level of cadmium (mean 2.82 mg.kg−1) resulted to be very high than its threshold limit (1.40 mg.kg−1) in the majority of the sampling locations. A significantly high level of soil pollution was evaluated within the study area through the applied pollution evaluation indices. The study findings indicate prospective damage to the studied soil environment and ecological settings of Ashulia, due to the emissions from the brick kilns which require suggested emission control and soil remediation actions, and implementation of eco-brick manufacturing technologies without further delay.

Brick manufacturing is the fastest-growing industrial sector in many countries (like china, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan) and among the top three sectors, along with vehicle exhaust and resuspended road dust, contributing to the air pollution and health problems in Dhaka (Bangladesh). The total emissions from the brick manufacturing in the Greater Dhaka region, to produce 3.5 billion bricks per year has been estimated about 23,300 tons of particulate matter having aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm (PM2.5), 15,500 tons of sulfur dioxide (SO2), 302,000 tons of carbon monoxide (CO), 6,000 tons of black carbon (BC) and 1.8 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO2). Emission of individual air pollutant from brick kilns varied significantly during a firing batch (seven days) and between kilns. Average emission factors per 1,000 bricks were 6.35 to 12.3 kg of CO, 0.52 to 5.9 kg of SO2 and 0.64 to 1.4 kg of particulate matter (PM). Presently sulphur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) are the main issue pertaining to air pollution problems in developing countries, where it contributes both to urban pollution and to regional acid depositions. Among man-made sources, coal combustion in stationary sources accounts for 74%, industries 22% and transportation 2% of the total oxides of sulphur (SOx). and it is considered that SO2 is the chief emission in brick production. On an international basis, 75 to 85% of SO2 emissions are the result of fossil fuel burning. It is predictable that just about 93% of the global SO2 emissions are emitted in the northern hemisphere. It has been revealed that biomass is responsible for the emission of both trace and non trace gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from traditional brick industries and lots of toxic fumes containing suspended particulate matters rich in carbon particles and high concentration of CO and SOx get produced. Studies have shown the average value of particulate matter of size less than ten microns and total suspend particles for the pre-operation time of brick kilns was 0.029 and 0.033 mg/m³, respectively whereas, it reached 0.050 and 0.056 mg/m³, respectively during the brick kiln operation time. Similarly, recent studies on brick kilns in District Budgam of Kashmir valley (India) have shown some major negative impacts on the environment in respect of air quality, human health and vegetation in particular. Key words: Pollution, emissions, environment, industrialization, transportation, brick kiln, human health, vegetation.

In recent studies, various reports reveal that stubble burning of crop residues in India generates nearly 150 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), more than 9 million tons of carbon monoxide (CO), a quarter-million tons of sulphur oxides (SOX), 1 million tons of particulate matter and more than half a million tons of black carbon. These contribute directly to environmental pollution, as well as the haze in the Indian capital, New Delhi, and the diminishing glaciers of the Himalayas. Although stubble burning crop residue is a crime under Section 188 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and the Air and Pollution Control Act (APCA) of 1981, a lack of implementation of these government acts has been witnessed across the country. Instead of burning, crop residues can be utilized in various alternative ways, including use as cattle feed, compost with manure, rural roofing, bioenergy, beverage production, packaging materials, wood, paper, and bioethanol, etc. This review article aims to present the current status of stubble-burning practices for disposal of crop residues in India and discuss several alternative methods for valorization of crop residues. Overall, this review article offers a solid understanding of the negative impacts of mismanagement of the crop residues via stubble burning in India and the other more promising management approaches including use for bioenergy, which, if widely employed, could not only reduce the environmental impacts of crop residue management, but generate additional value for the agricultural sector globally.

Crop residue burning directly contributes to environmental pollution and releases 149.24 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2), over 9 million tonnes of carbon monoxide (CO), 0.25 million tonnes of oxides of sulphur (SOX), 1.28 million tonnes of particulate matter and 0.07 million tonnes of black carbon. The burning of paddy straw results in extensive impacts both on and off farm, e.g. losses in soil organic matter, soil nutrients, production and productivity, air quality, biodiversity, water and energy efficiency and on human and animal health. In India, being a largest producer of rice as well as of its residue, the effects from residue burning are more severe (Yadav, R.S.2019). There are diverse set of productive techniques for paddy straw management that can be utilised such as composting, straw as a ruminant fodder, incorporated in the soil, gasification, bailing, mushroom farming, production of bio-fuel, recycling in soil, packing material and bio-char production (Pathaket al., 2010). The study on ‘Knowledge and Adoption of Paddy Straw Management Techniques in Haryana’ was conducted with following specific objectives of knowledge, adoption and constraints by the farmer in adoption of paddy straw management techniques. Majority (75 %) of the farmers were having low level of adoption regarding Paddy Straw Management Techniques. Whereas full (100%) adoption of paddy straw as animal fodder got Ist rank followed by domestic purpose got rank 2nd. The respondents had a greater level of acceptance adoption of Spreader/Shrub Master with weighted mean score of 0.95 got rank 1st.

In achieving environmental sustainability, planning of a city or region can be more functional and implementable by using low carbon city concept. Urban Planning through land use planning and planning control can play a vital role in implementing the idea of low carbon cities, particularly during the formulation of development plans. The study focuses on the issues of carbon emission and global warming due to emission from the brick fields of Dhaka in Bangladesh. The brick manufacturing in the Greater Dhaka region produces 3.5 billion bricks per year, and it has been estimated that about 23,300 tons of particulate matter having aerodynamic diameter &lt;2.5 μm (PM2.5), 15,500 tons of sulfur dioxide (SO2), 302,000 tons of carbon monoxide (CO), 6,000 tons of black carbon (BC) and 1.8 million_tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) are emitted annually. This paper presents a case study of brick kilns on three unions (Aminbazar, Savar and Ashulia) of Savar Upazila under Dhaka District. The study provides a review of legal aspects on brick kilns in the context of Bangladesh. Finally, some recommendations have been provided for the improvement of urban environmental management due to emission from brick kilns. JBIP, Vol. 9, 2016 (Printed in April 2018), pp. 155-170

Dark coniferous forests with dominating Caucasian fir are basically distributed in West Georgia. They occupy 153.920 ha with the wood substance stock of 61191,5 thousand m3, respectively making 91,3 and 91,0% of fir woods in Georgia. Forests with dominating oriental spruce are distributed comparatively evenly in Georgia; 55,3% (55354 ha) of spruce stands come to West Georgia. Coniferous forests in Svaneti were chosen as the object of the research. Forests with dominating Caucasian fir occupying 60100 ha in Svaneti have absorbed up to 7,85 million tons of carbon from the atmosphere and annually it sequesters up to 189,3 thousand tons of carbon dioxide. In the forest biomass with dominating Caucasian fir occupying 14345 ha has accumulated up to 1,13 million tons of carbon. Spruce stand annually sequesters up to 35,9 thousand tons of CO2. The Article describes distribution of biomass and carbon stock in dark conferous forests according to the stand age groups and single fractions. High indicators of carbon dioxide annually sequestered by dark coniferous forests of Svaneti Region once again emphasize the special role of forests in the process of air exchange on the Earth.

Blue carbon science, management and policy across a tropical urban landscape

To reduce the emission of carbon dioxide from a conventional coal-fired power plant, carbon dioxide can be separated from the flue gases by using polymer membranes. In this chapter a theoretical investigation into the technological and economic outlook of this option is described.At present the best types of membranes available for separating carbon dioxide from nitrogen are non-porous polymer membranes based on polyimide, polydimethylphenyleneoxide, polydimethylsiloxane and cellulose acetate. The carbon dioxide can be recovered by applying a single membrane stage configuration. The disadvantage of such a configuration is that it leads to a carbon dioxide gas that is highly diluted with nitrogen. This is an unwanted situation because the carbon dioxide is a liquid in the conditions (8000 kPa and 10°C) under which it will be transported, whereas nitrogen remains gaseous under these conditions. Moreover, the transport facilities and storage capacity for carbon dioxide will not be utilized optimally.Three methods for purifying the carbon dioxide are considered. In the first method the carbon dioxide product gas is purified by feeding it to a second membrane unit. This configuration is called the two-stage cascade. The second method makes use of the different phases of nitrogen and carbon dioxide at high pressures. In this method the carbon dioxide product gas is compressed to 8000 kPa and cooled down to 25°C. Subsequently the nitrogen, contaminated with some carbon dioxide vapour, is separated from the condensed carbon dioxide. This nitrogen off-gas is released to the atmosphere. The third method is similar to the second one, except that the nitrogen off-gas is recycled back to the membrane unit.With a computer program based on a cross-flow permeation model for polymer membranes, the recovery design is optimized to obtain the lowest recovery costs per tonne carbon dioxide avoided.For the membranes examined, a lowest cost figure of 51 US$ per tonne carbon dioxide avoided is calculated. This figure is found for a polyimide-based membrane in a single membrane stage configuration combined with separation of the carbon dioxide by compression and venting the nitrogen off-gas. In this set-up 75% of the carbon dioxide is recovered and the carbon dioxide is nearly pure. For a 90% recovery either the two-stage cascade or the single membrane stage with recycling of the nitrogen off-gas are attractive routes, leading to recovery costs of about 65 US$ per tonne carbon dioxide avoided. Recovery with polymer membranes is calculated to be 50 to 100% more expensive than recovery using cold distillation or a chemical absorption technique. Although some cost reductions are feasible, membrane separation is not expected to become a competing option for carbon dioxide recovery from flue gases of conventional coal-fired power plants in the near future.KeywordsInvestment CostPolymer MembraneRecovery CostMembrane UnitIsentropic EfficiencyThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Most of forest birds have the characteristics for habitat selection. The purpose of this study is to clarify the vegetation structure in breeding area of Siberian rubythroat (Luscinia calliope). In Daecheongbong peak, Mt. Seoraksan national park, South Korea from May to August, 2001, breeding population of Siberian rubythroat and the dominant species in breeding area of Siberian rubythroat (Luscinia calliope) were surveyed by line transect method along the ridge in the Daecheongbong peak area. Number of individuals and location of song posts were observed and recorded. According to the survey results, the study area was classified into high, middle and low density areas. Those birds selected the forest area of dominant species for Erman’s birch and dwarf Siberian pine as habitat and preferred the shrubs area with the lower height and higher coverage.

The long-tailed goral (also called the Amur goral) Naemorhedus caudatus (subfamily Caprinae), a vulnerable and protected species designated by IUCN and CITES, has sharply been declining in the population size and is now becoming critically endangered in South Korea. This species has been conserved as a natural monument by the Korean Cultural Heritage Administration since 1968. In this study, using 78 fecal DNA samples with a non-invasive genetic approach, we assessed the genetic integrity and individual identification-based population size for the goral population from Seoraksan National Park representing the largest wild population in Korea. Using the successfully isolated 38 fecal DNA, phylogeographic and population genetic analyses were performed with mitochondrial DNA control region (CR) sequences and nine microsatellite loci. We found seven CR haplotypes, of which five were unique to the Seoraksan population, considering previously determined haplotypes in Korean populations. The Seoraksan population showed higher haplotype diversity (0.777 ± 0.062) and mean number of alleles (4.67 ± 1.563) relative to southern populations in Korea reported from previous studies, with no signal of a population bottleneck. Microsatellite-based individual identification estimate based on probability of identity (PID) indicated a population size of ≥30 in this population. Altogether, we suggest that for future management efforts of this species in the Seoraksan National Park, conserving its genetic integrity as an ‘endemic’ lineage, and curbing a decrease in its number through mitigating habitat destruction might be key to secure the population for the long term.

The study was conducted in the forest concession area of PT. Diamond Raya Timber, Riau Province, Indonesia. Measurement and calculation carbon stocks in soil and vegetation of tropical peat forest should be done accurately to anticipate carbon trading. The objective of the study is to estimate carbon stocks in soil and vegetation in 4 forest conditions. The study found that biomass and carbon stocks in the soil was 8 times higher than in the vegetation in primary forest condition, and 10 times in logged over forest and secondary forest condition. Carbon stocks in vegetation and soil were 189.45 ton C ha -1 and 1537.37 ton C ha -1 in primary forest, 161.76 ton C ha -1 , and 1713.77 ton C ha -1 in logged over area, 139.05 ton C ha -1 and 1486.39 ton C ha -1 in secondary forest, and 43.09 ton C ha -1 and 1205.59 ton C ha -1 in degraded forest. Allocation of carbon stocks in the standing trees in primary forest, logged over area, secondary forest, and degraded forest were 70, 60, 62, and 7% respectively.

An analysis of the urban forest in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, reveals that this city has an estimated 2.9 million trees (encompassing all woody plants greater than 1 inch diameter at breast height [d.b.h]) with tree canopy that covers 20 percent of the city. The most common tree species are spicebush, black cherry, ash, tree-of-heaven, and boxelder, but the most dominant species in terms of leaf area are sycamore spp. (including London planetree), northern red oak, black walnut, red maple, and Norway maple. Trees in Philadelphia currently store about 702,000 tons of carbon (2.6 million tons of carbon dioxide [CO2]) valued at $93.4 million. In addition, these trees remove about 27,000 tons of carbon per year (99,000 tons CO2/year) ($3.6 million per year) and about 513 tons of air pollution per year ($19.0 million per year). Philadelphia’s urban forest is estimated to reduce annual residential energy costs by $6.9 million per year. The compensatory value of the trees is estimated at $1.7 billion. The city's parklands constitute 9.3 percent of the total land area, have an estimated 1.1 million trees, 64 percent canopy cover, and account for 38.8 percent of carbon storage and 34.8 percent of air pollution removal performed by the city's urban forest. The information presented in this report can be used by local organizations to advance urban forest policies, planning and management to improve environmental quality and human health in Philadelphia.