МИНЕРАЛЬНЫЙ И ХИМИЧЕСКИЙ СОСТАВ БАЗИТОВ ХАТЫМИНСКОЙ ЗОНЫ ДИАФТОРЕЗА И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ИХ РУДНОЙ СПЕЦИАЛИЗАЦИИ (ЦЕНТРАЛЬНАЯ ЧАСТЬ АЛДАНО-СТАНОВОГО ЩИТА)

Long-term trends and sensitivities of PM2.5 pH and aerosol liquid water to chemical composition changes and meteorological parameters in Hong Kong, South China: Insights from 10-year records from three urban sites

The relevance of the study lies in determining the sources of clastic material of gruss and sandstones that make up a significant part of the sediments of the Middle Jurassic Ukurey Formation, which contains the remains of the most ancient feathered dinosaur, Kulindadromeus zabaikalicus. These deposits are a part of the section composed of interlayered gruss, sandstones, siltstones, tuff siltstones and chlidolites. They are represented by a fragment of a downed block of the Ukurey Formation preserved from erosion among granites, the tectonic contact with which is in close proximity to the dinosaur layers. The purpose of the study is to determine the source of clastic material from the woodlands. The object of study is the sediments of the Ukurey formation and granites in the Kulinda tract. The subject of the study is the mineral composition of the clastic fraction of these rocks. The objectives are presented by the study of the composition of rock-forming and accessory minerals of granites and gruss deposits of the Ukurey Formation in the Kulinda tract. The method and methodology consist of sampling, comparative study of the mineral and chemical composition of rocks, diagnostics and study of the chemical composition of minerals using electron microscopy and ICP MS. The results of the study are based on a comparative analysis of the chemical and mineral composition of granites and gruss, during which their proximity is determined. Quartz and feldspar of granites and gruss deposits are characterized by similar composition; the average values of the formula coefficients for quartz of granites and gruss deposits are almost identical. Most quartz individuals are characterized by stoichiometric composition, due to the compensation of the Si deficiency by the inclusion of isomorphic Al and, less commonly, Ti and trivalent Fe. For K-Na feldspar, an excess of the sum of cations and a deficiency of Si are typical. Associations of accessory minerals of gruss and granites (zircon, rutile, apatite, magnetite) and their chemical compositions are similar. Zircons are characterized by an excess of Zr with a deficiency of Si, admixtures of Fe and V in rutile, and a deficiency of Ca and P in apatite. The data obtained prove that the gruss deposits are a redeposited product of granite weathering.

The article characterizes the hydrogeological conditions of the central part of Lviv (Western Ukraine), the nature and intensity of anthropogenic load, assesses the degree of protection of aquifers from pollution, spatial and temporal analysis of changes in groundwater chemical composition. Groundwater in urban areas undergo significant changes in chemical composition, hydrodynamic properties, which excludes this resource from economic use, causes their aggressiveness to building structures, provokes the development of a number of dangerous geological processes. The main factor of hydrochemical and hydrodynamic changes in the state of groundwater in urban areas is mainly anthropogenic activity. The research area is located in the Lviv Basin, formed by the valley of the Poltva River and its tributaries. The groundwater of the study area is represented by a diverse complex of Quaternary deposits and accumulations of the Upper Cretaceous. The Quaternary aquifer is distributed locally and can be traced only within the bottom of the Lviv Basin. This horizon is unprotected from anthropogenic pollution. The Upper Cretaceous aquifer is confined to fractured marls and belongs to the category of insufficiently protected. Due to the presence of filtration windows, there is a hydraulic connection between the Quaternary and Upper Cretaceous aquifers. Components of groundwater chemical composition such as total mineralization, hydrocarbons, sulfates, ammonium nitrogen and chlorides were used to identify the relationship between spatiotemporal changes in groundwater chemical composition and the nature and intensity of anthropogenic pressures. It is established that the largest anthropogenic changes in chemical composition were experienced by virtually unprotected waters of the Quaternary aquifer. Its maximum changes are recorded in the sphere of influence of the Poltva sewer. The waters of the Upper Cretaceous aquifer are most changed in the north-eastern part of the site, in the area close to the surface by the occurrence of marls covered only by man-made accumulations. Significant seasonal changes in the chlorine content in the waters of the Quaternary aquifer have been identified.

BackgroundThe aetiology of bone marrow oedema-like abnormalities (BMOA) seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is as yet not fully understood. The current study aimed to investigate the potential of projection radiography and Raman microspectroscopy to provide information regarding the underlying physiological changes associated with BMOA in equine bone samples.MethodsMRI was used to assess 65 limbs from 43 horses. A subset of 13 limbs provided 25 samples, 8 with BMOA present and 17 as controls; these were examined with projection radiography to assess bone mineral density and Raman spectroscopy to assess bone composition. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS, the relationship between BMOA and age was tested using binary logistic regression, other outcome measures via unpaired t-tests.ResultsOverall BMOA was found to be associated with locally increased bone density (p = 0.011), suggesting increased bone formation; however, no measurable changes relating to bone remodelling were found, and there were no detectable changes in the chemical composition of bone.ConclusionsBMOA is associated with locally increased bone density, without an associated change in the chemical composition of bone, suggesting this is not linked to BMOA. The presence of increased bone density associated with BMOA does appear to suggest that an increased amount of bone formation is occurring in these regions, but as Raman microspectroscopy data do not demonstrate any significant changes in bone chemical composition associated with BMOA, it would appear that the increased bone volume is due to a greater amount of bone being formed rather than an imbalance in relation to bone remodelling.The study provides a proof of principle for the use of Raman microspectroscopy and projection radiography in in vitro studies of BMOA.

Changes in chemical wax composition of three different apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars during storage

Purpose. Environmental safety assessment of Khmelnytskyi region based on a comprehensive analysis of soil chemical composition and acidity for identifying potential environmental risks. Methodology. For soil quality assessment, soil samples were collected and analyzed in accordance with established and approved methods. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) was used to determine the chemical content of the soil. The acidity of the soil was determined by measuring the actual acidity in the water extract and the potential acidity in the salt extract. Sampling was carried out on the territory of Derazhnyanska ATC, considering different types of land use. The pollution index (PI) was calculated to assess the level of soil pollution, which compares the actual concentration of chemical elements with the reference values. The spatial variability of chemical element concentrations and acidity indicators was investigated, and appropriate cartographic models of these parameters distribution were created within the study area. Findings. The research of light gray podzolized soils of the Derazhnyanska ATC of Khmelnytskyi region was used to determine the chemical content and acidity of the selected samples. The analysis of the chemical composition of the soil using XRF analysis revealed significant spatial variability in the concentrations of elements, but their content did not exceed the maximum permissible limits. Measurements of the actual acidity in the water extract showed a predominantly neutral or close to neutral reaction of the medium (pH 6.9‒7.9), which is favorable for most crops. However, the determination of potential acidity in the salt extract revealed a wider range of pH values (4.5‒7.2), including samples with an acidic reaction, which may indicate the need for liming of some areas. The calculation of the pollution index showed that most of the studied elements are in the moderate pollution category (1 < PI  3), with the highest values for Ti, V and Pb, indicating potential environmental risks and further monitoring is required. Originality. The first comprehensive assessment of the environmental safety of soils in the Derazhnyanska ATC of Khmelnytskyi region was conducted on the basis of a complex analysis of chemical composition and acidity. A methodology for assessing environmental risk, which takes into account the correlation between the concentration of chemical elements, soil acidity, and environmental safety, was developed and tested. Practical value. The investigation of environmental safety based on the analysis of the chemical composition and acidity of soils in Khmelnytskyi region is important for the sustainable development of the region and environmental protection. The obtained data provide an opportunity to assess the level of anthropogenic pressure on the ecosystem and develop effective measures to improve the ecological state of soils. Identification of areas with high content of pollutants and abnormal acidity allows for targeted environmental protection measures and optimization of agricultural activities, considering environmental risks.

In this study process fluids were tested after the addition of nanoparticles. Cooling and lubricating process fluids are used in machining to reduce wear on tools, to increase machine performance and to improve product quality. The use of process fluids leads to their pollution and contamination. Nanoparticles were added to the process fluids in order to increase their antibacterial activity. The selected nanoparticles were nanoparticles of metallic silver. The process fluids were modified by the addition of silver nitrate and ascorbic acid. Reduction of silver nanoparticles in the volume of the fluid was achieved using UV. The modified fluids were tested for their cytotoxicity and changes in chemical composition. The cytotoxicity of process fluids was tested for the purpose of verifying whether the process fluids, which are in direct contact with the skin of the operator, affect the health of the operator. The cytotoxicity of the process fluids was tested on human fibroblast cells. Fibroblasts are the basic cells of fibrous tissue. The cytotoxicity was tested by measuring the cell viability and using XTT. Analysis of chemical composition was performed for the purpose of determining the individual substances in the process fluids and their chemical stability. Qualitative analysis of the process fluids was performed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC - MS).

Changes in Chemical Composition of Natural Waters in Response to Technogenic Load (the Case of Tomsk City, Russia)

Effect of inoculation of herbage prior to ensiling with Streptomyces achromogenes ISP 5028 on chemical composition of silage

This article discusses the stages of crystallization of the Eocene trachybasalt-tra- chyandesitebasalt-phonolith formation of the Talysh zone. Determination of the composi- tion of the primary magma, evolution and melting fraction of the initial melt of the Eocene volcanism of the Talysh zone within Azerbaijan. Eocene volcanism of the trachybasalt-tra-chyandesitebasalt-phonolith formation of the Talysh zone. Petrographic, petrochemical, geochemical studies of rocks, typomorphic features of mineral paragenesis, chemical composition of rocks were carried out by X-ray spectral and X-ray fluorescence analysis. The analyzes of the conducted studies show that the Talysh zone was formed in the Eocene time. Stages of evolution of the original magma and typomorphic features of mineral parageneses have been established. The distributions of microelements in mineral parageneses, which are direct participants in the crystallization processes that took place in intermediate chambers at different depths, have been studied. At present, the question arises of the need to clarify the typomorphic features of igneous complexes, as factors that determine the geodynamic regimes of their formation, and to determine the potential ore content. The petrographic and petrochemical characteristics of the volcanic rocks are given. It was found that if the process of differentiation in the Early-Middle Eocene was more distinct with the initial formation of more magnesian rock varieties (picrite-trachybasalts), and subsequently more ferruginous ones (trachyandesites and trachyandesitebasalts), then such accumulation of iron is not observed in porphyritic trachyandesites. This petrochemical feature is obviously associated with the duration of the break in volcanism, caused by the formation of a thick sedimentary-tuffaceous stratum, accompanied by the initiation and manifestation of an intermediate chamber of medium composition. Volcanism in the Late Eocene was undifferentiated and was not accompanied by the formation of medium differences. The appearance in the late Eocene of leucite phonolites, which represent an alkaline branch, and the absence of transitional varieties indicate the autonomous development of vit- robasalts and leucite phonolites. It is concluded that from the early phases of the manifestation of Eocene volcanism to the later phases, the change in the material composition along the lateral is expressed in the manifestation of more alkaline facies with a significant predominance of K over Na and with a greater correspondence to the differentials of the shoshonite series.

The effects of dry cleaning of a HfO2 gate stack using NF3 only and a NF3/NH3 gas mixture plasma were investigated. The plasma dry cleaning process was carried out after HfO2 deposition using an indirect down-flow capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) system. An analysis of the chemical composition of the HfO2 gate stacks by XPS indicated that fluorine was incorporated into the HfO2 films during the plasma dry cleaning. Significant changes in the HfO2 chemical composition were observed as a result of the NF3 dry cleaning, while they were not observed in this case of NF3/NH3 dry cleaning. TEM results showed that the interfacial layer (IL) between the HfO2 and Si thickness was increased by the plasma dry cleaning. However, in the case of NF3/NH3 dry cleaning using 150 W, the IL thickness was suppressed significantly compared to the sample that had not been dry cleaned. Its electrical properties were also improved, including the low gate leakage currents, and reduced EOT. Finally, the finding show that the IL thickness of the HfO2 gate stack can be controlled by using the novel NF3/NH3 dry cleaning process technique without any the significant changes in chemical composition and metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitor characteristics.

Storage of CO2 as solid Ca, Mg, and Fe carbonates in basaltic rocks may provide a long-lasting solution for reduction of industrial CO2 emissions. Here, we report on the underground stratigraphy of the chemical composition and crystallinity of rocks and their alteration state at a targeted field site for injection of CO2-charged waters, the Hellisheidi area in SW Iceland.

The structure of the sulfide-bearing sequence of the Kivakka basic-ultrabasic layered intrusion of the Olanga group (northern Karelia) was investigated. The chemical and quantitative mineralogical compositions of rocks were statistically processed using factor and cluster analysis. We distinguished two sulfide levels consistently extending parallel to the strike of layering in the massif. The exact boundaries of these levels could not be defined because of the patchy distribution of sulfide minerals. The highest contents of sulfide pockets were observed near the top and base of each sulfide level. The extension of the zones with high sulfide concentrations along the strike allows us to consider them as horizons. The sulfide-bearing rocks are norites with varying mineral proportions. They may differ in the association of cumulus phases (bronzite and bronzite-plagioclase). It was shown that the specific features of the structure of the sulfide levels and horizons do not inherit the structural patterns of the silicate matrix and are not correlated with the chemical composition of rocks.

Актуальность работы. Анализ изменений химического и минерального состава органогенных и минеральных грунтов является важным этапом поисков полезных ископаемых, разработки соответствующей методологии, а также методологии экологического мониторинга. Цель работы: выявление закономерностей изменения химического состава кислотных вытяжек по глубине торфяной залежи на примере восточного участка Васюганского болота. Методы исследования: ландшафтно-геохимический и статистические методы, методы определения химического и минерального состава, имитационное математическое моделирование. Результаты и выводы. По данным опробования торфов и минерального грунта в марте 2017 и 2018 гг. в восточной части Васюганского болота (Западная Сибирь, Российская Федерация) выполнен анализ: химического состава кислотных вытяжек из торфов, органо-минеральных отложений и минерального грунта с использованием метода масс-спектрометрии с индуктивно связанной плазмой; состава минеральных включений в торфа и минерального состава подстилающего грунта методом сканирующей электронной микроскопии и рентгенодифракционного анализа. По результатам исследования определены концентрации 73 химических элементов, среди которых выделены три группы: 1) с относительно устойчивым увеличением от поверхности к минеральным грунтам и/или ярко выраженным максимумом в минеральных грунтах; 2) с хорошо выраженными максимумами в верхней и нижней частях разреза; 3) с иными типами распределения. Основными факторами пространственных изменений химического состава грунтов являются преимущественно природные биогеохимические условия, интенсивность водообмена, соотношение атмосферного и грунтового водного и минерального питания, определяющие общую доступность воды и питательных веществ для болотной растительности, отвод токсичных для этой растительности веществ.

In order to study deeply damage mechanism of HgCdTe crystal irradiated by multi-pulsed CO₂ laser and obtain the characteristics of surface morphological and chemical composition changes. Firstly, Irradiation effect experiment is conducted on the Hg_0.826Cd_0.174Te crystal by pulsed CO₂ laser, which has a pulse width of 200ns and repetition frequency ranges from 1 Hz to 100 kHz. Then morphological and chemical composition changes of Hg_0.826Cd_0.174Te crystal is measured by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and damage threshold is obtained by morphology method. Finally, the impact of laser power density on morphological and chemical composition changes is analyzed. The research results show that: damage threshold of Hg_0.826Cd_0.174Te crystal which is irradiated by multi-pulsed CO₂ laser is 950 W/cm². The crystal surface melting phenomenon is very obvious, the obvious crack which is caused by thermal stress is not found in the surface, and a large number of bulges and pits are taken shape in the laser ablation zone. Chemical composition changes of the crystal are obvious, and a lot of O element is found in the laser ablation zone. With the increase of laser irradiation power, the content of Hg element decrease rapidly, the content of Cd, Te and O element raise by degrees, and chemical composition changes of the crystal are more and more obvious. When the irradiation power density is 1.8kW/cm², the surface becomes smooth in the ablation zone due to the impact of laser impulse force, and the content of the chemical compositions is that Hg accounts for 0.23%, Cd accounts for 21.38%, Te accounts for 26.27%, and O accounts for 52.12%. The conclusions of the study have a reference value for the Hg_0.826Cd_0.174Tecrystal in the application of making infrared detector and pulsed CO₂ laser in the aspect of laser processing.