Особливості селекції сортів пшениці м’якої озимої степового екотипу у зв’язку зі змінами клімату в умовах Півдня України

Abstract

Goal. To substantiate the value and suitability of winter soft wheat varieties for growing in arid conditions of the South of Ukraine by a complex of biological, morphological, and economically useful attributes, to improve programs and directions of selection taking into account climate change, to strengthen the impact of extreme environmental factors, to create new high-yielding varieties of high quality. Methods. Analysis of the history of varietal changes, varietal tests, application of various methods of intraspecies and remote hybridization, genotype assessments in field and laboratory experiments on a set of attributes (productivity, growing season, frost resistance, drought resistance), biometric and chemical analysis, phenological observations, cultivation of varieties and lines on provocative backgrounds. Results. During the years of selection programs in the second half of the XX-th and early XXI-st centuries original genetic material was invented to create high-intensity varieties with a yield potential of more than 10 t/ha with high technological qualities of grain, frost-, winter- and drought-resistance. The 74 varieties created under these programs, mainly short-stemmed intensive and universal types, are widely used in production in Ukraine and other countries. The best of them are the most drought-, heat- and frost-resistant and occupy significant sown areas. Conclusions. In the South of Ukraine, as a result of natural evolution, folk selection, and, especially in connection with the successful implementation of scientific research programs, plant breeders of 3 generations created the most drought-, heat- and frost-resistant varieties of soft winter wheat with high technological qualities of grain. The duration of the growing season with a varietal change of varieties for 90 years has decreased by 2-3 days. New early-maturing varieties often have yield advantages over late-maturing varieties, but due to droughts and dry winds, which are periodically early, they may yield to medium-early varieties, which are the most stable in terms of yield in this area. Medium-ripe and even more late-ripe varieties are almost always exposed to heat and summer drought and are significantly inferior in yield to more precocious genotypes.