Изменение цивилизационного пространства Восточной Европы вследствие нашествия гуннов: культурно-геополитические предпосылки формирования славянской этнической доминанты как фактора зарождения российской государственности

The article substantiates conceptual approaches to researching the mechanisms of mutual influence of the government and the parliamentary opposition to ensure the stabilization of the political regime and increase the efficiency of public administration. The application of the structural-functional approach allowed to reveal the essence and explain the non-identity of the concepts of “interaction” and “mutual influence” as different communicative processes. Based on the above approach, it was determined that the parliamentary opposition and the government apply institutional, informational-psychological, economic, and communicative mechanisms of mutual influence to each other; and their components – tools and methods – were also characterized. A systemic approach was used to clarify the conditions for the application of mutual influence mechanisms of the government and the parliamentary opposition in non-democratic and democratic political systems, as well as the interdependence of their methods of influence. It has been found that under conditions of an undemocratic political regime, the parliamentary opposition is forced to apply radical methods of the institutional mechanism of influence, while the tools of the economic mechanism of influence have an indirect impact on the government. Such actions are counterproductive in response to the government’s illegal and forceful tools and methods of influence on the parliamentary opposition. Under such conditions, the informational, psychological and communicative mechanisms of mutual influence of the above-mentioned institutions of the political system are confrontational, which makes mutual influence unconstructive. It is substantiated that under a democratic political regime, the institutional and economic mechanisms of government influence on the parliamentary opposition contribute to the latter’s using a wide range of tools and methods of direct influence on the government. Their interaction is cooperative, demonstrating a subject-subject nature. Under such conditions, the informational, psychological, and communicative mechanisms of mutual influence between the government and the parliamentary opposition are constructive in nature. A comparative analysis of the mechanisms of mutual influence of the government and the parliamentary opposition in European countries has shown that under democratic regimes, the mutual influence of these institutions of the political system is constructive, contributing to the stabilization of the political regime, the stability of democracy, and the increase in the efficiency of public administration.

What can the Glasgow Declaration on Forests bring to global emission reduction?

Victoria crowned pigeon (Goura victoria) is an endemic bird and has been declared as protected species by Indonesian Government under Law Act No. 301/1991. This species with two other species of Goura (crowned pigeon) are endemic to New Guinea islands, and have been state as Restricted Range Species. IUCN Red List also has verified the entitre genus of Goura as the largest-body sized of pigeon in the world with status of vulnerable species due to hunting problems, beside listed on Appendix II of CITES as well. 
\nThe workshop on Priority-Setting of Biodiversity Conservation in Papua has launched that the major threats on this bird included the large-scale forest conversion for logging, swidden-agriculture, plantation, transmigration, and settlement, also hunting and illegal trading. Local communities in Papua have been practicing hunting on wildlife especially on bird for subsistence, though it is moving towards commercial activities in some regions recently. Since hunting becomes the main threat to Goura spp, it is important to conduct a field study on the impact of hunting on Victoria crowned pigeon in tropical rainforests of the northern area in Papua-Indonesia.
\nThe published information on hunting activity and its impact are very limited, as well as the lack data on Victoria crowned pigeon population in its natural habitat in the northern Papua. More over, information on tree communities and vegetation structure in the habitat of Victoria crowned pigeon in this region is still very inadequate. Based on these conditions, it becomes very important to carry out such a research focusing on hunting practice, population of Goura victoria, and forest structure in the northern of Papua.\t
\nThe main aim of this study was to assess the impact of hunting on the population of Victoria crowned pigeon in the rainforests in Papua. The current research is intended to contribute the conservation action of Victoria crowned pigeon in the future. The specific aims of this study includes to investigate forest structure in four different areas inhabited by G.victoria and to estimate the population size and density of Victoria crowned pigeon in four different forest areas in northern Papua; The other aims of the study are to compare the population size of G.victoria in the given areas; to describe the activity of the bird’s hunters and their impact on the population of G.victoria in those forest areas and to create and increase awareness of the local people for the conservation of Victoria crowned pigeon.
\nThe study was concentrated in forests of four different regencies in the northern part of the Papua Province, which are forest of Buare (Mamberamo Raya), Supiori (Supiori), Unurumguay (Jayapura), and Bonggo forest (Sarmi). The detailed observations on population density on Goura victoria, composition and forest structure, also on hunting activity by local people, and its impacts on the population of Victoria crowned pigeon were conducted in those forest areas. Buare and Supiori forests are the parts of nature reserve become forest area with lower interference of local people activity compared with higher interference and pressures in Unurumguay and Bonggo forests.
\nIn each study site, as many as 25 randomly long lines transects for vegetation analysis of 20 x 100 meters with 20 m x 20 m plots were established for vegetation analysis. Measurement and identification within each plot were taken on each tree with a diameter at breast high more than 10 cm and more than a meter height. Furthermore, floristic structure was assessed quantitatively by calculating the Important Value Index (IVI) for each species in each study site. The IVI represents the sums of the value of Relative Density (RD), Relative frequency (RF) and Relative Dominance (RDo). Goura surveys were carried out at four sites using line transect method and 45 transects were set aside in all study sites. The researcher walked along the transect line and recorded the perpendicular distance between detection points and transect line. Surveys were done four days per week, between 06.00 in the morning to 16.00 in the afternoon each day by the field team. The semi structural interviews with questionnaires were used and the interviews were conducted on 151 respondents who live in 13 villages of four districts in four regencies. Important Value Index (IVI) and Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H’) were used to calculate the floristic composition and forest structure in each study site. Distance 5.0 release 2.0 program was used to estimate the population density and population of Victoria crowned pigeon. The Mann Whitney U test, Kruskall-Wallis test and Multiple Linier Regression Analysis using SPSS version 19.00 were used to illustrate the hunting activity by local people and predict the impact of hunting by local people to Goura victoria population. Then, the estimation of maximum sustainable annual harvest was compared to the value of maximum current annual harvest. Hunting practice on Goura victoria is unsustainable if the value of maximum current annual harvest exceeds the value of maximum sustainable annual harvest. All data analysis was processed using Excel program.
\nFloristc composition in each study sites showed that the 58 species in 38 families in Buare and 57 species in 38 families were found in Supiori. These were quite different with 39 species in 25 families found in Unurumguay and 34 species in 22 families found in Bonggo, The tree diversity in each study site also varied, showed as H’= 3.55 in Buare forest, 3.45 in Supiori, 3.09 in Unurumguay and 3,00 in Bonggo. Although the diversity in Buare seems more diverse than that in other sites, it is statistically not significant, because the values of H’ of all study sites are in the range between 1– 4.5. The seven most dominant tree species based on the Important Value Index were varied between study sites. These species belong to different families, with Euphorbiaceae family as the most common family encountered in all study sites. The results showed that Pimeliodendron amboinicum Hassk become dominant tree species in forest area of Buare, Supiori and Unurumguay, while Pometia spp. (Pometia pinnata and Pometia sp.) dominated forest area in Buare, Unurumguay and Bonggo. Likewise, the measurements of diameter at breast height and tree height class distribution were used to describe structural composition of forest area in each study site. This result shows that about 80% of vegetation in all study sites was represented by trees with diameter at breast height less than 30 cm and Bonggo area has trees with small diameter and already loss the large trees. Trees from all diameter class in other three locations had descending trend quantity from small to big diameter, while all study sites showed similar forest structure in distribution of trees height. 
\nPopulation size of Goura victoria was varied, which depends on the size of hunting area with higher value of estimation on population density but has the least value population size of Goura victoria. 
\nThe interviews with Papuan hunters about hunting practices showed that distance of hunting area, hunting using air gun, using dogs and using foot snares on hunting Victoria crowned pigeon were varied among each study sites. Hunters in Buare area prefer to hunt Goura victoria within the distance of less than 2 - 5 km, while mostly hunters in three other sites prefer to hunt Goura victoria within the distance of 3 km to more than 5 km. The used of air gun in Buare area, was not recorded, while in the three other study sites it was more common though in low level, not more than 22% of all hunting practices. Using dogs in hunting Goura victoria also occurred less frequent in all study sites, only about 12%. Hunters in all study sites tended to use foot snares in catching G.victoria. However, the estimation value of current annual harvest within the hunting area size for each study sites exceed from the allowable values on estimation of maximum sustainable annual harvest per each hunting area size.
\nGoura’s hunting is already prohibited not only in Indonesia, but also in Papua New Guinea. Goura victoria as a high-valued bird, is mainly sold alive and usually being hunted for fresh money to fulfill daily needs of hunter’s family. 
\nHunting activities in all study sites were relatively high compared to other areas of Papua, an example from hunting of G.victoria in Waropen showed the high frequency of hunting activity. Hunting activity on Victoria crowned pigeon’s was unsustainable and this practice by local people has negative effects of G.victoria population, although most of hunters using foot snares.
\nThe result from ths study showed that protection of Victoria crowned pigeon needs deep concern from the Governments. The related stakeholders should enhance and determine conservation areas with the factual boundaries, including protected forest, animal sanctuaries and nature reserves. It also necessary to establish and manage more buffer zones around protected area immediately, to reduce interference from local people. Papuan people need more socialization of the laws and regulations concerning wildlife protection. The law enforcements should be implemented together with strict sanctions. Further research on Goura victoria should be carried out on other part of northern Papua, including short and long terms in all ecological aspects of Goura victoria.

We continue to study the structure of Slavic settlements in the 7th century BCE – 5th century CE. Previous works dealing with the historical tribes of the Nevrs, Scythians-ploughmen, Scythians-farmers, and Veneds were published in the Ukrainoznavstvo journal (2022, № 2–4; 2023, № 1). The proposed method of tribal geography, which includes mapping the nests of the mentioned Slavic tribes on modern maps of Ukraine, Belarus, and the russian federation, records an almost complete coincidence of these maps from different times. It helps to identify distinguishing features of the social, cultural, and economic life of Slavic tribes in the chain of epochs with the help of various branches of modern science and also allows us to move away from ethnically undefined "carriers of archaeological cultures", which are remnants of Soviet archaeology and complicate the study of the ancient history of peoples who inhabited the territory of Eastern Europe from the time of Herodotus and previous epochs. At the same time, interest in the history of the Ukrainian people, which is hidden in archaeological sites and their interpretations by imperial and colonial scientists, is constantly growing around the world.In 1898, V. Khvoika discovered sites of the Slavic tribes of the Zarubyntsi archaeological culture in the Middle Dnieper region. Already in the first centuries of our era, the historical Veneds were an independent ethnic group that existed on the territory of Europe alongside such tribal entities as Germans, Thracians, Sarmatians, Balts, and Finno-Ugrics. The Roman authors of the 1st–2nd centuries, Pliny the Elder, Tacitus, and Ptolemy, wrote about the Veneds. The Byzantine author of the 6th century Jordan delineated the settlement territory of the populous tribe of Veneds between the Vistula, the Eastern Carpathians, and the Dnieper region. Based on the research of archaeologists, we previously localised 21 tribes of Scythians-farmers and 20 tribes of Veneds of the Zarubyntsi culture on the maps of the Dnieper Left Bank. The materials of this article reveal 55 tribes of the Veneds of the Late Zarubyntsi culture (Fig. 1). It should be noted that both the Scythians-farmers and the next generations of the Veneds have been living for 12 centuries on the same lands in the river basins of Desna, Seim, Psel, and Siverskyi Donets. In the 6th–7th centuries, their descendants were the Ants of the Penkivka culture, and in the 8th–13th centuries, annalistic Northerners–Ukrainians lived there as well. It was found that to this day, the descendants of the Northerners called Horiuns, who preserve the Northern dialect, live in the Northern Chernihiv Region and Kursk Region.

The objective of the paper is the discourse analysis of studies on rights of the child in humanitarian and social sciences. In the paper, the scientific discourse method – conceptual analysis – is employed. About 140 sources on children's rights within the subject field of philosophy, history, law, political and social sciences were used as the methodological material, and so were the regulatory, analytical and methodological data within the time span of 1999-2018. The research interests and priorities in studying the children's rights that are specific for each of the sciences have been outlined, as well as their contribution to the fulfillment of the human essence; enforcement of legal norms; protection of rights of the child in crisis periods of history; establishment of the mediation institution; and control of social relationships. The system-forming concepts in children's rights research have been identified: the social and cultural context of children's rights; children's rights and children's welfare, health and survival; the rights-based approach to categories of "excluded" and invisible children"; children's rights as an institution of legal socialization and legal culture; awareness raising and education in the sphere of human / children's rights. The scientific discourse on children's rights in the social and humanitarian knowledge conceptualizes and enriches new research paradigms in this field.

The criminal act of clearing plantation land in a forest area is a crime that can damage the ecosystem and damage the order of other living creatures in the forest. Decision number 2499 K/Pid.Sus-LH/2019 is one of the decisions where there was a case of carrying heavy equipment to carry out plantation activities in a forest area. Therefore, this research aims to determine and analyze the punishment of criminals who deliberately carry heavy equipment to carry out plantation activities in forest areas without permission. This research uses a type of normative legal research with the statutory regulatory approach, case approach, comparative approach, and analytical approach by collecting secondary data consisting of primary legal material, secondary legal material, and tertiary legal material. The data analysis used is descriptive qualitative data analysis, by drawing conclusions deductively. Based on the research findings and discussion, it can be concluded that the Supreme Court decision Number 2499 K/Pid.Sus-LH/2019 rejecting the perpetrator's cassation petition is correct and at the same time immediately has permanent legal force. So the criminal decision given to the perpetrator at the previous trial was considered valid, namely the Rengat District Court decision number 461/Pid.B/LH/2018/PN.Rgt. This is because the perpetrator's actions carried out activities to clear land for oil palm plantations in the Keritang River-Gansal River Production Forest Area (HPT) using heavy equipment in the form of an excavator which was carried out by the perpetrator without a Forest Area Release permit from the authorized official, namely the Minister of Forestry, so that as a result of the perpetrator's actions can damage the ecosystem in the forest area, based on this, the perpetrator is sentenced to imprisonment for 3 (three) years and 8 (eight) months and a fine of Rp. 2,000,000,000.00 (two billion rupiah) with the provision that if the fine is not paid then replaced with imprisonment for 2 (two) months. The author advises every corporation in the business sector to always carry out business by completing legal administration in accordance with applicable regulations.

This study examines the implications of land registration after the release of forest areas in the Batu Lapisi neighborhood in Malino Village, Tinggi Moncong District, Gowa Regency. The research conducted is empirical research. Empirical research examines law in action. Thus, the empirical world is das sein (what is the reality. Data analysis is descriptive by providing an overview of what should be done about these legal problems. The results show that the implementation of land registration which is claimed as a forest area in the Batu lapisi Dalam environment) Kelurahan Malino was implemented based on the recognition of old rights in the form of Ipeda evidence in 1976, then the National Agrarian Operations Project program in 1991 and finally the release of forest areas based on the Decree of the Minister of Environment and Forestry No. 362 / MENLHK / SETJEN / PLA.0/ 5 / 2019 with the method of land registration for the first time sporadically. Implications of land registration after area release is carried out under the authority of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia which issues land parcels based on the Spatial Review scheme of conservation forest areas by issuing them a Decree of the Minister of Environment and Forestry No.362/MENLHK/SETJEN/PLA.0/ 5/2019, then the minister determines the people who receive the Blue SK as the basis for registering land rights. After that, the Gowa Regency BPN carried out the administrative process of sporadic land registration based on the Blue Decree from the Minister of Environment and Forestry as well as evidence of physical control from the lurah or village head. If the land to be registered borders a forest area, a clarification or recommendation must be requested from the Regional 7 Makassar Forest Area Consolidation Center (BPKH). Keywords: Legal Certainty, Rights, Land, Forests, Environment

The Wana Mitra Lestari Forest Farmer Group is one of the forest farmer groups located in Napal Putih Village, Serai Serumpun District. The forest work area managed by KTH Wana Mitra Lestari is a production forest area. KTH Wana Mitra Lestari has obtained permission to access management for protection and recognition of Forestry partnerships sourced from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry through a decree No. 10665/Menlhk-PSKL/PSL.0/12/2019. The area of ​​KTH Wana Mitra Lestari is 90 Ha. Land management owned by KTH members is managed individually according to the KTH member's land area. The rubber production of KTH Wana Mitra Lestari is sold to an HTI company in Tebo Regency. This research was conducted in Napal Putih Village, Serai Serumpun District, Tebo Regency. This research aims to analyze the differences in income of KTH Wana Mitra Lestari farmers before and after implementing the forestry partnership. The data collection system was carried out using interviews and with the help of questionnaires and literature studies to support the research results. Sampling was carried out using the saturated sample method (census). The data analysis used in this research is descriptive analysis and quantitative analysis with calculations of income, costs, revenue, R/C-ratio and average difference tests. Based on the results of research conducted, forestry partnerships can become a community empowerment program around forest areas by forming Forest Farmer Groups to increase farmers' income. The calculation results of KTH Wana Mitra Lestari's total income before the forestry partnership were IDR 18,413,181/farmer/year while the income after the forestry partnership was IDR 32,130,748/farmer/year. The results of the R/C Ratio analysis of KTH Wana Mitra obtained an R/C Ratio before the forestry partnership with a value of 5.20, whereas after the forestry partnership it was 5.37, which means that the KTH Wana Mitra Lestari farming business is worth developing because the R/C Ratio is > 1. Results of the analysis of the mean difference test - The average obtained is that there is a difference between the total productivity of KTH Wana Mitra Lestari farmers before and after the forestry partnership with a significant value (2-tailed), namely (0.001 < 0.05) or smaller than alpha 5% so that H₁ is accepted and Ho is rejected. Keywords: Income Analysis, Forestry Partnership, R/C-ratio ABSTRAK Kelompok Tani Hutan Wana Mitra Lestari merupakan salah satu kelompok tani hutan yang berada di Desa Napal Putih Kecamatan Serai Serumpun. Areal kerja kawaan hutan yang dikelola KTH Wana Mitra Lestari merupakan kawasan hutan produksi. KTH Wana Mitra Lestari telah memperoleh ijin akses kelola perlindungan dan pengakuan kemitraan Kehutanan yang bersumber dari Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan melalui SK. No. 10665/Menlhk-PSKL/PSL.0/12/2019. Luasan areal KTH Wana Mitra Lestari yaitu 90 Ha. Pengelolan lahan yang dimiliki anggota KTH dikelola secara individu sesuai dengan luas lahan anggota KTH. Hasil produksi karet KTH Wana Mitra Lestari dijual kepada salah satu perusahaan HTI di Kabupaten Tebo. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Desa Napal Putih Kecamatan Serai Serumpun Kabupaten Tebo. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan pendapatan petani KTH Wana Mitra Lestari sebelum dan setelah penerapan kemitraan kehutanan. Sistem pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara serta bantuan kuesioner serta studi literatur untuk menunjang hasil penelitian. Penentuan pengambilan sampel dilakukan menggunakan metode sampel jenuh (sensus). Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu analisis deskriptif dan analisis kuantitatif dengan menghitung penerimaan, biaya, pendapatan, R/C-ratio serta uji beda rata-rata. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan bahwa melalui kemitraan kehutanan dapat menjadi suatu program pemberdayaan masyarakat disekitar kawasan hutan dengan membentuk Kelompok Tani Hutan untuk meningkatkan pendapatan petani. Hasil perhitungan pendapatan total KTH Wana Mitra Lestari sebelum kemitraan kehutanan sebesar Rp.18.413.181/petani/tahun sedangkan pendapatan setelah kemitraan kehutanan sebesar Rp.32.130.748/petani/tahun. Hasil analisis R/C ratio KTH Wana Mitra diperoleh R/C ratio sebelum kemitraan kehutanan dengan nilai 5.20, sedangkan setelah kemitraan kehutanan 5.37 yang artinya usaha tani KTH Wana Mitra Lestari layak dikembangkan karena R/C ratio > 1. Hasil perhitungan uji beda rata-rata diperoleh terdapat perbedaan antara jumlah produktivitas petani KTH Wana Mitra Lestari sebelum dan setelah kemitraan kehutanan dengan nilai signifikan (2-tailed) yaitu (0,001 < 0.05) atau lebih kecil dari alfa 5% sehingga H₁ diterima Ho ditolak. Kata Kunci: Analisis Pendapatan, Kemitraaan Kehutanan, R/C-ratio

Mangrove ecosystems play a dominant role in global, tropical, and subtropical coastal wetlands. Remote sensing plays a central role in mangrove conservation, as it is the preferred tool for monitoring changes in spatiotemporal distribution. To improve correlated estimation accuracies and explore the influencing mechanisms based on the mangrove ground survey, this study used a support vector machine (SVM) machine learning and Res-UNet deep learning algorithms to identify the land area of mangrove forests and the crown surface cover area of mangrove forests in the Hainan Island from 1991 to 2021. Both classification techniques were verified by a confusion matrix, which from 1991 to 2021, revealed overall accuracies of 93.11 ± 1.54% and 96.43 ± 1.15% for SVM and Res-UNet, respectively. Res-UNet was more accurate in identifying the crown surface cover area, whereas SVM was more suitable for obtaining the land area. Furthermore, based on the crown surface cover area of the mangrove forests on the Hainan Island, influencing mechanisms were analyzed through dynamic changes and landscape patterns. Since 1991, the Hainan Island mangrove forest area has increased, with the center of mass moving from coastal areas to the ocean and increasing the overall landscape fragmentation. Moreover, the change in the mangrove forests area was correlated with economic development and the increasingly urban population of the entire island. Altogether, the reliable assessment of the tropical mangrove forest land area and crown surface cover provides an important research foundation for the protection and restoration plans of tropical mangrove forests.

Ticks serve as vectors and reservoirs of various Borrelia species, potentially causing diseases in humans and animals. Mazandaran, a fertile green land in northern Iran, provides ample grazing grounds for livestock and harbors at least 26 hard tick species. This study investigated Borrelia infection in hard ticks from forest areas in this region and compared their genetic identity with the species data in the GenBank database. A total of 2,049 ticks were collected manually from mammalian hosts or using dragging and flagging methods. These ticks were then grouped into 190 pools and 41 individuals based on host, species, developmental stage, and gender. A real-time PCR (qPCR) detected Borrelia DNA in 26 pools from female, male, and nymph of Rhipicephalus annulatus (n = 17) and Ixodes ricinus (n = 9) ticks and one individual female Haemaphysalis punctata tick. The generated partial flaB and glpQ sequences from qPCR-positive Rh. annulatus ticks exhibited the highest identities of 98.1-100% and 98.2% with Borrelia theileri and closely related undefined isolates. Additionally, in phylogenetic analysis, these sequences clustered within well-supported clades with B. theileri and the closely related undefined isolates from various geographic regions, confirming the presence of B. theileri in the north of Iran. Divergence in B. theileri flaB and glpQ sequences across various geographical areas suggests potential subspeciation driven by adaptations to different tick species. This divergence in our flaB sequences implies the possible introduction of B. theileri-infected ticks from different geographical origins into Iran.

The interest in ecologically meaningful information from forest inventories is increasing. Forest area and its characteristics of spatial distribution are among this information. This paper describes a technique for deriving some metrics of forest spatial pattern from nonmapped forest inventory samples. The technique is developed for clusters of subplots, though applicable also for other plot types. It evaluates the area of the three categories: forest, nonforest, and buffer, estimated by the percentage of cluster plots where all, none, or some subplot centers fall into forest. Of particular interest is the buffer area, which is an imagined strip along the forest boundary: the larger this area, the more forest boundaries there are, and the more fragmented the forest pattern is. The estimates of forest and buffer area percentage are used to derive metrics that are related to perimeter length and mean patch size. Variance estimators for these metrics are given. Two examples are presented to illustrate the characteristics of the method, one with a schematic map, one with real inventory data. The most meaningful results are obtained when the size of the cluster plots used is smaller than the forest patches and smaller than the distance between them. The examples suggest that, in order to obtain reasonably precise estimates, sample size should be n = 500 or more. These conditions commonly hold in large area forest inventories. The technique processes information that is readily available from the field measurements of large area forest inventories. It does not require extra measurements and adds an ecologically meaningful aspect to the data analysis. It is independent of the availability of complete maps of the inventory region or of mapped plots, and therefore also allows the retrospective analysis of old forest inventory sample data. FOR. SCI. 46(4):548–557.

Monitoring the dynamics of land use and land cover (LULC) is imperative in the changing climate and evolving urbanization patterns worldwide. The shifts in land use have a significant impact on the hydrological response of watersheds across the globe. Several studies have applied machine learning (ML) algorithms using historical LULC maps along with elevation data and slope for predicting future LULC projections. However, the influence of other driving factors such as socio-economic and climatological factors has not been thoroughly explored. In the present study, a sensitivity analysis approach was adopted to understand the effect of both physical (elevation, slope, aspect, etc.) and socio-economic factors such as population density, distance to built-up, and distance to road and rail, as well as climatic factors (mean precipitation) on the accuracy of LULC prediction in the Brahmani and Baitarni (BB) basin of Eastern India. Additionally, in the absence of the recent LULC maps of the basin, three ML algorithms, i.e., random forest (RF), classified and regression trees (CART), and support vector machine (SVM) were utilized for LULC classification for the years 2007, 2014, and 2021 on Google earth engine (GEE) cloud computing platform. Among the three algorithms, RF performed best for classifying built-up areas along with all the other classes as compared to CART and SVM. The prediction results revealed that the proximity to built-up and population growth dominates in modeling LULC over physical factors such as elevation and slope. The analysis of historical data revealed an increase of 351% in built-up areas over the past years (2007-2021), with a corresponding decline in forest and water areas by 12% and 36% respectively. While the future predictions highlighted an increase in built-up class ranging from 11 to 38% during the years 2028-2070, the forested areas are anticipated to decline by 4 to 16%. The overall findings of the present study suggested that the BB basin, despite being primarily agricultural with a significant forest cover, is undergoing rapid expansion of built-up areas through the encroachment of agricultural and forested lands, which could have far-reaching implications for the region's ecosystem services and sustainability.

Changes in planted forests and future global implications

The Bifemnasi-Sonmahole Forest Area is a forest area covering three districts on the border of Indonesia and Timor Leste. This forest area provides benefits, especially in Taekas and Femnasi Villages, TTU Regency, where water sources from this forest area supplied the water needs of Kefamenanu City from 1970 to 2000, but currently only fulfill the needs of the residents of Taekas and Femnasi Villages. This research aims to analyze the economic valuation of the Bifemnasi-Sonmahole forest area in Taekas and Femnasi Villages, North Central Timor Regency. The research used a survey method. Data was obtained by observation, interviews, and documents study. The sample was determined in stages, namely cluster and purposive sampling, with a total sample of 60 people to represent direct use value, indirect use value and non-use value. Data analysis used market price method, travel costs, preventive cost, transfer benefits. The results showed that the benefit value of the Bifemnasi-Sonmahole forest area in Taekas and Femnasi Villages, North Central Timor Regency is IDR 3,347,524,400, - obtained from a Direct Use Value of IDR 236,210,000,- (7.06%); Indirect Use Value is IDR 2,296,438,400 (68.60%) and Non Use Value is IDR 814,876,000 (24.34%).

Simulation and attribution analysis of terrestrial ecosystem carbon storage of Hainan Island from 2015 to 2050